| 1 | This is make.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.13 from make.texi.
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| 2 |
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| 3 | This file documents the GNU `make' utility, which determines
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| 4 | automatically which pieces of a large program need to be recompiled,
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| 5 | and issues the commands to recompile them.
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| 6 |
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| 7 | This is Edition 0.71, last updated 19 July 2010, of `The GNU Make
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| 8 | Manual', for GNU `make' version 3.82.
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| 9 |
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| 10 | Copyright (C) 1988, 1989, 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996,
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| 11 | 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009,
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| 12 | 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
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| 13 |
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| 14 | Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this
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| 15 | document under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License,
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| 16 | Version 1.2 or any later version published by the Free Software
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| 17 | Foundation; with no Invariant Sections, with the Front-Cover Texts
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| 18 | being "A GNU Manual," and with the Back-Cover Texts as in (a)
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| 19 | below. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled
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| 20 | "GNU Free Documentation License."
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| 21 |
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| 22 | (a) The FSF's Back-Cover Text is: "You have the freedom to copy and
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| 23 | modify this GNU manual. Buying copies from the FSF supports it in
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| 24 | developing GNU and promoting software freedom."
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| 25 |
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| 26 | INFO-DIR-SECTION Software development
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| 27 | START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
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| 28 | * Make: (make). Remake files automatically.
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| 29 | END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY
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| 30 |
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| 31 |
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| 32 | File: make.info, Node: Catalogue of Rules, Next: Implicit Variables, Prev: Using Implicit, Up: Implicit Rules
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| 33 |
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| 34 | 10.2 Catalogue of Implicit Rules
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| 35 | ================================
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| 36 |
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| 37 | Here is a catalogue of predefined implicit rules which are always
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| 38 | available unless the makefile explicitly overrides or cancels them.
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| 39 | *Note Canceling Implicit Rules: Canceling Rules, for information on
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| 40 | canceling or overriding an implicit rule. The `-r' or
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| 41 | `--no-builtin-rules' option cancels all predefined rules.
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| 42 |
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| 43 | This manual only documents the default rules available on POSIX-based
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| 44 | operating systems. Other operating systems, such as VMS, Windows,
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| 45 | OS/2, etc. may have different sets of default rules. To see the full
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| 46 | list of default rules and variables available in your version of GNU
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| 47 | `make', run `make -p' in a directory with no makefile.
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| 48 |
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| 49 | Not all of these rules will always be defined, even when the `-r'
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| 50 | option is not given. Many of the predefined implicit rules are
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| 51 | implemented in `make' as suffix rules, so which ones will be defined
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| 52 | depends on the "suffix list" (the list of prerequisites of the special
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| 53 | target `.SUFFIXES'). The default suffix list is: `.out', `.a', `.ln',
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| 54 | `.o', `.c', `.cc', `.C', `.cpp', `.p', `.f', `.F', `.m', `.r', `.y',
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| 55 | `.l', `.ym', `.lm', `.s', `.S', `.mod', `.sym', `.def', `.h', `.info',
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| 56 | `.dvi', `.tex', `.texinfo', `.texi', `.txinfo', `.w', `.ch' `.web',
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| 57 | `.sh', `.elc', `.el'. All of the implicit rules described below whose
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| 58 | prerequisites have one of these suffixes are actually suffix rules. If
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| 59 | you modify the suffix list, the only predefined suffix rules in effect
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| 60 | will be those named by one or two of the suffixes that are on the list
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| 61 | you specify; rules whose suffixes fail to be on the list are disabled.
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| 62 | *Note Old-Fashioned Suffix Rules: Suffix Rules, for full details on
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| 63 | suffix rules.
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| 64 |
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| 65 | Compiling C programs
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| 66 | `N.o' is made automatically from `N.c' with a recipe of the form
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| 67 | `$(CC) $(CPPFLAGS) $(CFLAGS) -c'.
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| 68 |
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| 69 | Compiling C++ programs
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| 70 | `N.o' is made automatically from `N.cc', `N.cpp', or `N.C' with a
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| 71 | recipe of the form `$(CXX) $(CPPFLAGS) $(CXXFLAGS) -c'. We
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| 72 | encourage you to use the suffix `.cc' for C++ source files instead
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| 73 | of `.C'.
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| 74 |
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| 75 | Compiling Pascal programs
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| 76 | `N.o' is made automatically from `N.p' with the recipe `$(PC)
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| 77 | $(PFLAGS) -c'.
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| 78 |
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| 79 | Compiling Fortran and Ratfor programs
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| 80 | `N.o' is made automatically from `N.r', `N.F' or `N.f' by running
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| 81 | the Fortran compiler. The precise recipe used is as follows:
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| 82 |
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| 83 | `.f'
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| 84 | `$(FC) $(FFLAGS) -c'.
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| 85 |
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| 86 | `.F'
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| 87 | `$(FC) $(FFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) -c'.
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| 88 |
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| 89 | `.r'
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| 90 | `$(FC) $(FFLAGS) $(RFLAGS) -c'.
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| 91 |
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| 92 | Preprocessing Fortran and Ratfor programs
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| 93 | `N.f' is made automatically from `N.r' or `N.F'. This rule runs
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| 94 | just the preprocessor to convert a Ratfor or preprocessable
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| 95 | Fortran program into a strict Fortran program. The precise recipe
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| 96 | used is as follows:
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| 97 |
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| 98 | `.F'
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| 99 | `$(FC) $(CPPFLAGS) $(FFLAGS) -F'.
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| 100 |
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| 101 | `.r'
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| 102 | `$(FC) $(FFLAGS) $(RFLAGS) -F'.
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| 103 |
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| 104 | Compiling Modula-2 programs
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| 105 | `N.sym' is made from `N.def' with a recipe of the form `$(M2C)
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| 106 | $(M2FLAGS) $(DEFFLAGS)'. `N.o' is made from `N.mod'; the form is:
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| 107 | `$(M2C) $(M2FLAGS) $(MODFLAGS)'.
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| 108 |
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| 109 | Assembling and preprocessing assembler programs
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| 110 | `N.o' is made automatically from `N.s' by running the assembler,
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| 111 | `as'. The precise recipe is `$(AS) $(ASFLAGS)'.
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| 112 |
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| 113 | `N.s' is made automatically from `N.S' by running the C
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| 114 | preprocessor, `cpp'. The precise recipe is `$(CPP) $(CPPFLAGS)'.
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| 115 |
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| 116 | Linking a single object file
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| 117 | `N' is made automatically from `N.o' by running the linker
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| 118 | (usually called `ld') via the C compiler. The precise recipe used
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| 119 | is `$(CC) $(LDFLAGS) N.o $(LOADLIBES) $(LDLIBS)'.
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| 120 |
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| 121 | This rule does the right thing for a simple program with only one
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| 122 | source file. It will also do the right thing if there are multiple
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| 123 | object files (presumably coming from various other source files),
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| 124 | one of which has a name matching that of the executable file.
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| 125 | Thus,
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| 126 |
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| 127 | x: y.o z.o
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| 128 |
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| 129 | when `x.c', `y.c' and `z.c' all exist will execute:
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| 130 |
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| 131 | cc -c x.c -o x.o
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| 132 | cc -c y.c -o y.o
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| 133 | cc -c z.c -o z.o
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| 134 | cc x.o y.o z.o -o x
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| 135 | rm -f x.o
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| 136 | rm -f y.o
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| 137 | rm -f z.o
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| 138 |
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| 139 | In more complicated cases, such as when there is no object file
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| 140 | whose name derives from the executable file name, you must write
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| 141 | an explicit recipe for linking.
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| 142 |
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| 143 | Each kind of file automatically made into `.o' object files will
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| 144 | be automatically linked by using the compiler (`$(CC)', `$(FC)' or
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| 145 | `$(PC)'; the C compiler `$(CC)' is used to assemble `.s' files)
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| 146 | without the `-c' option. This could be done by using the `.o'
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| 147 | object files as intermediates, but it is faster to do the
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| 148 | compiling and linking in one step, so that's how it's done.
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| 149 |
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| 150 | Yacc for C programs
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| 151 | `N.c' is made automatically from `N.y' by running Yacc with the
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| 152 | recipe `$(YACC) $(YFLAGS)'.
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| 153 |
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| 154 | Lex for C programs
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| 155 | `N.c' is made automatically from `N.l' by running Lex. The actual
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| 156 | recipe is `$(LEX) $(LFLAGS)'.
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| 157 |
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| 158 | Lex for Ratfor programs
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| 159 | `N.r' is made automatically from `N.l' by running Lex. The actual
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| 160 | recipe is `$(LEX) $(LFLAGS)'.
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| 161 |
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| 162 | The convention of using the same suffix `.l' for all Lex files
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| 163 | regardless of whether they produce C code or Ratfor code makes it
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| 164 | impossible for `make' to determine automatically which of the two
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| 165 | languages you are using in any particular case. If `make' is
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| 166 | called upon to remake an object file from a `.l' file, it must
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| 167 | guess which compiler to use. It will guess the C compiler, because
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| 168 | that is more common. If you are using Ratfor, make sure `make'
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| 169 | knows this by mentioning `N.r' in the makefile. Or, if you are
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| 170 | using Ratfor exclusively, with no C files, remove `.c' from the
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| 171 | list of implicit rule suffixes with:
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| 172 |
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| 173 | .SUFFIXES:
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| 174 | .SUFFIXES: .o .r .f .l ...
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| 175 |
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| 176 | Making Lint Libraries from C, Yacc, or Lex programs
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| 177 | `N.ln' is made from `N.c' by running `lint'. The precise recipe
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| 178 | is `$(LINT) $(LINTFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) -i'. The same recipe is used
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| 179 | on the C code produced from `N.y' or `N.l'.
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| 180 |
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| 181 | TeX and Web
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| 182 | `N.dvi' is made from `N.tex' with the recipe `$(TEX)'. `N.tex' is
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| 183 | made from `N.web' with `$(WEAVE)', or from `N.w' (and from `N.ch'
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| 184 | if it exists or can be made) with `$(CWEAVE)'. `N.p' is made from
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| 185 | `N.web' with `$(TANGLE)' and `N.c' is made from `N.w' (and from
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| 186 | `N.ch' if it exists or can be made) with `$(CTANGLE)'.
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| 187 |
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| 188 | Texinfo and Info
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| 189 | `N.dvi' is made from `N.texinfo', `N.texi', or `N.txinfo', with
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| 190 | the recipe `$(TEXI2DVI) $(TEXI2DVI_FLAGS)'. `N.info' is made from
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| 191 | `N.texinfo', `N.texi', or `N.txinfo', with the recipe
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| 192 | `$(MAKEINFO) $(MAKEINFO_FLAGS)'.
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| 193 |
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| 194 | RCS
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| 195 | Any file `N' is extracted if necessary from an RCS file named
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| 196 | either `N,v' or `RCS/N,v'. The precise recipe used is
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| 197 | `$(CO) $(COFLAGS)'. `N' will not be extracted from RCS if it
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| 198 | already exists, even if the RCS file is newer. The rules for RCS
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| 199 | are terminal (*note Match-Anything Pattern Rules: Match-Anything
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| 200 | Rules.), so RCS files cannot be generated from another source;
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| 201 | they must actually exist.
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| 202 |
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| 203 | SCCS
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| 204 | Any file `N' is extracted if necessary from an SCCS file named
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| 205 | either `s.N' or `SCCS/s.N'. The precise recipe used is
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| 206 | `$(GET) $(GFLAGS)'. The rules for SCCS are terminal (*note
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| 207 | Match-Anything Pattern Rules: Match-Anything Rules.), so SCCS
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| 208 | files cannot be generated from another source; they must actually
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| 209 | exist.
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| 210 |
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| 211 | For the benefit of SCCS, a file `N' is copied from `N.sh' and made
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| 212 | executable (by everyone). This is for shell scripts that are
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| 213 | checked into SCCS. Since RCS preserves the execution permission
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| 214 | of a file, you do not need to use this feature with RCS.
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| 215 |
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| 216 | We recommend that you avoid using of SCCS. RCS is widely held to
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| 217 | be superior, and is also free. By choosing free software in place
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| 218 | of comparable (or inferior) proprietary software, you support the
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| 219 | free software movement.
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| 220 |
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| 221 | Usually, you want to change only the variables listed in the table
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| 222 | above, which are documented in the following section.
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| 223 |
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| 224 | However, the recipes in built-in implicit rules actually use
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| 225 | variables such as `COMPILE.c', `LINK.p', and `PREPROCESS.S', whose
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| 226 | values contain the recipes listed above.
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| 227 |
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| 228 | `make' follows the convention that the rule to compile a `.X' source
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| 229 | file uses the variable `COMPILE.X'. Similarly, the rule to produce an
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| 230 | executable from a `.X' file uses `LINK.X'; and the rule to preprocess a
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| 231 | `.X' file uses `PREPROCESS.X'.
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| 232 |
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| 233 | Every rule that produces an object file uses the variable
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| 234 | `OUTPUT_OPTION'. `make' defines this variable either to contain `-o
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| 235 | $@', or to be empty, depending on a compile-time option. You need the
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| 236 | `-o' option to ensure that the output goes into the right file when the
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| 237 | source file is in a different directory, as when using `VPATH' (*note
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| 238 | Directory Search::). However, compilers on some systems do not accept
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| 239 | a `-o' switch for object files. If you use such a system, and use
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| 240 | `VPATH', some compilations will put their output in the wrong place. A
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| 241 | possible workaround for this problem is to give `OUTPUT_OPTION' the
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| 242 | value `; mv $*.o $@'.
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| 243 |
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| 244 |
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| 245 | File: make.info, Node: Implicit Variables, Next: Chained Rules, Prev: Catalogue of Rules, Up: Implicit Rules
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| 246 |
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| 247 | 10.3 Variables Used by Implicit Rules
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| 248 | =====================================
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| 249 |
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| 250 | The recipes in built-in implicit rules make liberal use of certain
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| 251 | predefined variables. You can alter the values of these variables in
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| 252 | the makefile, with arguments to `make', or in the environment to alter
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| 253 | how the implicit rules work without redefining the rules themselves.
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| 254 | You can cancel all variables used by implicit rules with the `-R' or
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| 255 | `--no-builtin-variables' option.
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| 256 |
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| 257 | For example, the recipe used to compile a C source file actually says
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| 258 | `$(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS)'. The default values of the variables
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| 259 | used are `cc' and nothing, resulting in the command `cc -c'. By
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| 260 | redefining `CC' to `ncc', you could cause `ncc' to be used for all C
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| 261 | compilations performed by the implicit rule. By redefining `CFLAGS' to
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| 262 | be `-g', you could pass the `-g' option to each compilation. _All_
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| 263 | implicit rules that do C compilation use `$(CC)' to get the program
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| 264 | name for the compiler and _all_ include `$(CFLAGS)' among the arguments
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| 265 | given to the compiler.
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| 266 |
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| 267 | The variables used in implicit rules fall into two classes: those
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| 268 | that are names of programs (like `CC') and those that contain arguments
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| 269 | for the programs (like `CFLAGS'). (The "name of a program" may also
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| 270 | contain some command arguments, but it must start with an actual
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| 271 | executable program name.) If a variable value contains more than one
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| 272 | argument, separate them with spaces.
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| 273 |
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| 274 | The following tables describe of some of the more commonly-used
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| 275 | predefined variables. This list is not exhaustive, and the default
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| 276 | values shown here may not be what `make' selects for your environment.
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| 277 | To see the complete list of predefined variables for your instance of
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| 278 | GNU `make' you can run `make -p' in a directory with no makefiles.
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| 279 |
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| 280 | Here is a table of some of the more common variables used as names of
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| 281 | programs in built-in rules: makefiles.
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| 282 |
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| 283 | `AR'
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| 284 | Archive-maintaining program; default `ar'.
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| 285 |
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| 286 | `AS'
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| 287 | Program for compiling assembly files; default `as'.
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| 288 |
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| 289 | `CC'
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| 290 | Program for compiling C programs; default `cc'.
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| 291 |
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| 292 | `CXX'
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| 293 | Program for compiling C++ programs; default `g++'.
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| 294 |
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| 295 | `CPP'
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| 296 | Program for running the C preprocessor, with results to standard
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| 297 | output; default `$(CC) -E'.
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| 298 |
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| 299 | `FC'
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| 300 | Program for compiling or preprocessing Fortran and Ratfor programs;
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| 301 | default `f77'.
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| 302 |
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| 303 | `M2C'
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| 304 | Program to use to compile Modula-2 source code; default `m2c'.
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| 305 |
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| 306 | `PC'
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| 307 | Program for compiling Pascal programs; default `pc'.
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| 308 |
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| 309 | `CO'
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| 310 | Program for extracting a file from RCS; default `co'.
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| 311 |
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| 312 | `GET'
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| 313 | Program for extracting a file from SCCS; default `get'.
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| 314 |
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| 315 | `LEX'
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| 316 | Program to use to turn Lex grammars into source code; default
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| 317 | `lex'.
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| 318 |
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| 319 | `YACC'
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| 320 | Program to use to turn Yacc grammars into source code; default
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| 321 | `yacc'.
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| 322 |
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| 323 | `LINT'
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| 324 | Program to use to run lint on source code; default `lint'.
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| 325 |
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| 326 | `MAKEINFO'
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| 327 | Program to convert a Texinfo source file into an Info file; default
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| 328 | `makeinfo'.
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| 329 |
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| 330 | `TEX'
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| 331 | Program to make TeX DVI files from TeX source; default `tex'.
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| 332 |
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| 333 | `TEXI2DVI'
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| 334 | Program to make TeX DVI files from Texinfo source; default
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| 335 | `texi2dvi'.
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| 336 |
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| 337 | `WEAVE'
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| 338 | Program to translate Web into TeX; default `weave'.
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| 339 |
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| 340 | `CWEAVE'
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| 341 | Program to translate C Web into TeX; default `cweave'.
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| 342 |
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| 343 | `TANGLE'
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| 344 | Program to translate Web into Pascal; default `tangle'.
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| 345 |
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| 346 | `CTANGLE'
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| 347 | Program to translate C Web into C; default `ctangle'.
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| 348 |
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| 349 | `RM'
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| 350 | Command to remove a file; default `rm -f'.
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| 351 |
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| 352 | Here is a table of variables whose values are additional arguments
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| 353 | for the programs above. The default values for all of these is the
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| 354 | empty string, unless otherwise noted.
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| 355 |
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| 356 | `ARFLAGS'
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| 357 | Flags to give the archive-maintaining program; default `rv'.
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| 358 |
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| 359 | `ASFLAGS'
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| 360 | Extra flags to give to the assembler (when explicitly invoked on a
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| 361 | `.s' or `.S' file).
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| 362 |
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| 363 | `CFLAGS'
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| 364 | Extra flags to give to the C compiler.
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| 365 |
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| 366 | `CXXFLAGS'
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| 367 | Extra flags to give to the C++ compiler.
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| 368 |
|
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| 369 | `COFLAGS'
|
|---|
| 370 | Extra flags to give to the RCS `co' program.
|
|---|
| 371 |
|
|---|
| 372 | `CPPFLAGS'
|
|---|
| 373 | Extra flags to give to the C preprocessor and programs that use it
|
|---|
| 374 | (the C and Fortran compilers).
|
|---|
| 375 |
|
|---|
| 376 | `FFLAGS'
|
|---|
| 377 | Extra flags to give to the Fortran compiler.
|
|---|
| 378 |
|
|---|
| 379 | `GFLAGS'
|
|---|
| 380 | Extra flags to give to the SCCS `get' program.
|
|---|
| 381 |
|
|---|
| 382 | `LDFLAGS'
|
|---|
| 383 | Extra flags to give to compilers when they are supposed to invoke
|
|---|
| 384 | the linker, `ld'.
|
|---|
| 385 |
|
|---|
| 386 | `LFLAGS'
|
|---|
| 387 | Extra flags to give to Lex.
|
|---|
| 388 |
|
|---|
| 389 | `YFLAGS'
|
|---|
| 390 | Extra flags to give to Yacc.
|
|---|
| 391 |
|
|---|
| 392 | `PFLAGS'
|
|---|
| 393 | Extra flags to give to the Pascal compiler.
|
|---|
| 394 |
|
|---|
| 395 | `RFLAGS'
|
|---|
| 396 | Extra flags to give to the Fortran compiler for Ratfor programs.
|
|---|
| 397 |
|
|---|
| 398 | `LINTFLAGS'
|
|---|
| 399 | Extra flags to give to lint.
|
|---|
| 400 |
|
|---|
| 401 |
|
|---|
| 402 | File: make.info, Node: Chained Rules, Next: Pattern Rules, Prev: Implicit Variables, Up: Implicit Rules
|
|---|
| 403 |
|
|---|
| 404 | 10.4 Chains of Implicit Rules
|
|---|
| 405 | =============================
|
|---|
| 406 |
|
|---|
| 407 | Sometimes a file can be made by a sequence of implicit rules. For
|
|---|
| 408 | example, a file `N.o' could be made from `N.y' by running first Yacc
|
|---|
| 409 | and then `cc'. Such a sequence is called a "chain".
|
|---|
| 410 |
|
|---|
| 411 | If the file `N.c' exists, or is mentioned in the makefile, no
|
|---|
| 412 | special searching is required: `make' finds that the object file can be
|
|---|
| 413 | made by C compilation from `N.c'; later on, when considering how to
|
|---|
| 414 | make `N.c', the rule for running Yacc is used. Ultimately both `N.c'
|
|---|
| 415 | and `N.o' are updated.
|
|---|
| 416 |
|
|---|
| 417 | However, even if `N.c' does not exist and is not mentioned, `make'
|
|---|
| 418 | knows how to envision it as the missing link between `N.o' and `N.y'!
|
|---|
| 419 | In this case, `N.c' is called an "intermediate file". Once `make' has
|
|---|
| 420 | decided to use the intermediate file, it is entered in the data base as
|
|---|
| 421 | if it had been mentioned in the makefile, along with the implicit rule
|
|---|
| 422 | that says how to create it.
|
|---|
| 423 |
|
|---|
| 424 | Intermediate files are remade using their rules just like all other
|
|---|
| 425 | files. But intermediate files are treated differently in two ways.
|
|---|
| 426 |
|
|---|
| 427 | The first difference is what happens if the intermediate file does
|
|---|
| 428 | not exist. If an ordinary file B does not exist, and `make' considers
|
|---|
| 429 | a target that depends on B, it invariably creates B and then updates
|
|---|
| 430 | the target from B. But if B is an intermediate file, then `make' can
|
|---|
| 431 | leave well enough alone. It won't bother updating B, or the ultimate
|
|---|
| 432 | target, unless some prerequisite of B is newer than that target or
|
|---|
| 433 | there is some other reason to update that target.
|
|---|
| 434 |
|
|---|
| 435 | The second difference is that if `make' _does_ create B in order to
|
|---|
| 436 | update something else, it deletes B later on after it is no longer
|
|---|
| 437 | needed. Therefore, an intermediate file which did not exist before
|
|---|
| 438 | `make' also does not exist after `make'. `make' reports the deletion
|
|---|
| 439 | to you by printing a `rm -f' command showing which file it is deleting.
|
|---|
| 440 |
|
|---|
| 441 | Ordinarily, a file cannot be intermediate if it is mentioned in the
|
|---|
| 442 | makefile as a target or prerequisite. However, you can explicitly mark
|
|---|
| 443 | a file as intermediate by listing it as a prerequisite of the special
|
|---|
| 444 | target `.INTERMEDIATE'. This takes effect even if the file is mentioned
|
|---|
| 445 | explicitly in some other way.
|
|---|
| 446 |
|
|---|
| 447 | You can prevent automatic deletion of an intermediate file by
|
|---|
| 448 | marking it as a "secondary" file. To do this, list it as a
|
|---|
| 449 | prerequisite of the special target `.SECONDARY'. When a file is
|
|---|
| 450 | secondary, `make' will not create the file merely because it does not
|
|---|
| 451 | already exist, but `make' does not automatically delete the file.
|
|---|
| 452 | Marking a file as secondary also marks it as intermediate.
|
|---|
| 453 |
|
|---|
| 454 | You can list the target pattern of an implicit rule (such as `%.o')
|
|---|
| 455 | as a prerequisite of the special target `.PRECIOUS' to preserve
|
|---|
| 456 | intermediate files made by implicit rules whose target patterns match
|
|---|
| 457 | that file's name; see *note Interrupts::.
|
|---|
| 458 |
|
|---|
| 459 | A chain can involve more than two implicit rules. For example, it is
|
|---|
| 460 | possible to make a file `foo' from `RCS/foo.y,v' by running RCS, Yacc
|
|---|
| 461 | and `cc'. Then both `foo.y' and `foo.c' are intermediate files that
|
|---|
| 462 | are deleted at the end.
|
|---|
| 463 |
|
|---|
| 464 | No single implicit rule can appear more than once in a chain. This
|
|---|
| 465 | means that `make' will not even consider such a ridiculous thing as
|
|---|
| 466 | making `foo' from `foo.o.o' by running the linker twice. This
|
|---|
| 467 | constraint has the added benefit of preventing any infinite loop in the
|
|---|
| 468 | search for an implicit rule chain.
|
|---|
| 469 |
|
|---|
| 470 | There are some special implicit rules to optimize certain cases that
|
|---|
| 471 | would otherwise be handled by rule chains. For example, making `foo'
|
|---|
| 472 | from `foo.c' could be handled by compiling and linking with separate
|
|---|
| 473 | chained rules, using `foo.o' as an intermediate file. But what
|
|---|
| 474 | actually happens is that a special rule for this case does the
|
|---|
| 475 | compilation and linking with a single `cc' command. The optimized rule
|
|---|
| 476 | is used in preference to the step-by-step chain because it comes
|
|---|
| 477 | earlier in the ordering of rules.
|
|---|
| 478 |
|
|---|
| 479 |
|
|---|
| 480 | File: make.info, Node: Pattern Rules, Next: Last Resort, Prev: Chained Rules, Up: Implicit Rules
|
|---|
| 481 |
|
|---|
| 482 | 10.5 Defining and Redefining Pattern Rules
|
|---|
| 483 | ==========================================
|
|---|
| 484 |
|
|---|
| 485 | You define an implicit rule by writing a "pattern rule". A pattern
|
|---|
| 486 | rule looks like an ordinary rule, except that its target contains the
|
|---|
| 487 | character `%' (exactly one of them). The target is considered a
|
|---|
| 488 | pattern for matching file names; the `%' can match any nonempty
|
|---|
| 489 | substring, while other characters match only themselves. The
|
|---|
| 490 | prerequisites likewise use `%' to show how their names relate to the
|
|---|
| 491 | target name.
|
|---|
| 492 |
|
|---|
| 493 | Thus, a pattern rule `%.o : %.c' says how to make any file `STEM.o'
|
|---|
| 494 | from another file `STEM.c'.
|
|---|
| 495 |
|
|---|
| 496 | Note that expansion using `%' in pattern rules occurs *after* any
|
|---|
| 497 | variable or function expansions, which take place when the makefile is
|
|---|
| 498 | read. *Note How to Use Variables: Using Variables, and *note Functions
|
|---|
| 499 | for Transforming Text: Functions.
|
|---|
| 500 |
|
|---|
| 501 | * Menu:
|
|---|
| 502 |
|
|---|
| 503 | * Pattern Intro:: An introduction to pattern rules.
|
|---|
| 504 | * Pattern Examples:: Examples of pattern rules.
|
|---|
| 505 | * Automatic Variables:: How to use automatic variables in the
|
|---|
| 506 | recipes of implicit rules.
|
|---|
| 507 | * Pattern Match:: How patterns match.
|
|---|
| 508 | * Match-Anything Rules:: Precautions you should take prior to
|
|---|
| 509 | defining rules that can match any
|
|---|
| 510 | target file whatever.
|
|---|
| 511 | * Canceling Rules:: How to override or cancel built-in rules.
|
|---|
| 512 |
|
|---|
| 513 |
|
|---|
| 514 | File: make.info, Node: Pattern Intro, Next: Pattern Examples, Prev: Pattern Rules, Up: Pattern Rules
|
|---|
| 515 |
|
|---|
| 516 | 10.5.1 Introduction to Pattern Rules
|
|---|
| 517 | ------------------------------------
|
|---|
| 518 |
|
|---|
| 519 | A pattern rule contains the character `%' (exactly one of them) in the
|
|---|
| 520 | target; otherwise, it looks exactly like an ordinary rule. The target
|
|---|
| 521 | is a pattern for matching file names; the `%' matches any nonempty
|
|---|
| 522 | substring, while other characters match only themselves.
|
|---|
| 523 |
|
|---|
| 524 | For example, `%.c' as a pattern matches any file name that ends in
|
|---|
| 525 | `.c'. `s.%.c' as a pattern matches any file name that starts with
|
|---|
| 526 | `s.', ends in `.c' and is at least five characters long. (There must
|
|---|
| 527 | be at least one character to match the `%'.) The substring that the
|
|---|
| 528 | `%' matches is called the "stem".
|
|---|
| 529 |
|
|---|
| 530 | `%' in a prerequisite of a pattern rule stands for the same stem
|
|---|
| 531 | that was matched by the `%' in the target. In order for the pattern
|
|---|
| 532 | rule to apply, its target pattern must match the file name under
|
|---|
| 533 | consideration and all of its prerequisites (after pattern substitution)
|
|---|
| 534 | must name files that exist or can be made. These files become
|
|---|
| 535 | prerequisites of the target.
|
|---|
| 536 |
|
|---|
| 537 | Thus, a rule of the form
|
|---|
| 538 |
|
|---|
| 539 | %.o : %.c ; RECIPE...
|
|---|
| 540 |
|
|---|
| 541 | specifies how to make a file `N.o', with another file `N.c' as its
|
|---|
| 542 | prerequisite, provided that `N.c' exists or can be made.
|
|---|
| 543 |
|
|---|
| 544 | There may also be prerequisites that do not use `%'; such a
|
|---|
| 545 | prerequisite attaches to every file made by this pattern rule. These
|
|---|
| 546 | unvarying prerequisites are useful occasionally.
|
|---|
| 547 |
|
|---|
| 548 | A pattern rule need not have any prerequisites that contain `%', or
|
|---|
| 549 | in fact any prerequisites at all. Such a rule is effectively a general
|
|---|
| 550 | wildcard. It provides a way to make any file that matches the target
|
|---|
| 551 | pattern. *Note Last Resort::.
|
|---|
| 552 |
|
|---|
| 553 | More than one pattern rule may match a target. In this case `make'
|
|---|
| 554 | will choose the "best fit" rule. *Note How Patterns Match: Pattern
|
|---|
| 555 | Match.
|
|---|
| 556 |
|
|---|
| 557 | Pattern rules may have more than one target. Unlike normal rules,
|
|---|
| 558 | this does not act as many different rules with the same prerequisites
|
|---|
| 559 | and recipe. If a pattern rule has multiple targets, `make' knows that
|
|---|
| 560 | the rule's recipe is responsible for making all of the targets. The
|
|---|
| 561 | recipe is executed only once to make all the targets. When searching
|
|---|
| 562 | for a pattern rule to match a target, the target patterns of a rule
|
|---|
| 563 | other than the one that matches the target in need of a rule are
|
|---|
| 564 | incidental: `make' worries only about giving a recipe and prerequisites
|
|---|
| 565 | to the file presently in question. However, when this file's recipe is
|
|---|
| 566 | run, the other targets are marked as having been updated themselves.
|
|---|
| 567 |
|
|---|
| 568 |
|
|---|
| 569 | File: make.info, Node: Pattern Examples, Next: Automatic Variables, Prev: Pattern Intro, Up: Pattern Rules
|
|---|
| 570 |
|
|---|
| 571 | 10.5.2 Pattern Rule Examples
|
|---|
| 572 | ----------------------------
|
|---|
| 573 |
|
|---|
| 574 | Here are some examples of pattern rules actually predefined in `make'.
|
|---|
| 575 | First, the rule that compiles `.c' files into `.o' files:
|
|---|
| 576 |
|
|---|
| 577 | %.o : %.c
|
|---|
| 578 | $(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $< -o $@
|
|---|
| 579 |
|
|---|
| 580 | defines a rule that can make any file `X.o' from `X.c'. The recipe
|
|---|
| 581 | uses the automatic variables `$@' and `$<' to substitute the names of
|
|---|
| 582 | the target file and the source file in each case where the rule applies
|
|---|
| 583 | (*note Automatic Variables::).
|
|---|
| 584 |
|
|---|
| 585 | Here is a second built-in rule:
|
|---|
| 586 |
|
|---|
| 587 | % :: RCS/%,v
|
|---|
| 588 | $(CO) $(COFLAGS) $<
|
|---|
| 589 |
|
|---|
| 590 | defines a rule that can make any file `X' whatsoever from a
|
|---|
| 591 | corresponding file `X,v' in the subdirectory `RCS'. Since the target
|
|---|
| 592 | is `%', this rule will apply to any file whatever, provided the
|
|---|
| 593 | appropriate prerequisite file exists. The double colon makes the rule
|
|---|
| 594 | "terminal", which means that its prerequisite may not be an intermediate
|
|---|
| 595 | file (*note Match-Anything Pattern Rules: Match-Anything Rules.).
|
|---|
| 596 |
|
|---|
| 597 | This pattern rule has two targets:
|
|---|
| 598 |
|
|---|
| 599 | %.tab.c %.tab.h: %.y
|
|---|
| 600 | bison -d $<
|
|---|
| 601 |
|
|---|
| 602 | This tells `make' that the recipe `bison -d X.y' will make both
|
|---|
| 603 | `X.tab.c' and `X.tab.h'. If the file `foo' depends on the files
|
|---|
| 604 | `parse.tab.o' and `scan.o' and the file `scan.o' depends on the file
|
|---|
| 605 | `parse.tab.h', when `parse.y' is changed, the recipe `bison -d parse.y'
|
|---|
| 606 | will be executed only once, and the prerequisites of both `parse.tab.o'
|
|---|
| 607 | and `scan.o' will be satisfied. (Presumably the file `parse.tab.o'
|
|---|
| 608 | will be recompiled from `parse.tab.c' and the file `scan.o' from
|
|---|
| 609 | `scan.c', while `foo' is linked from `parse.tab.o', `scan.o', and its
|
|---|
| 610 | other prerequisites, and it will execute happily ever after.)
|
|---|
| 611 |
|
|---|
| 612 |
|
|---|
| 613 | File: make.info, Node: Automatic Variables, Next: Pattern Match, Prev: Pattern Examples, Up: Pattern Rules
|
|---|
| 614 |
|
|---|
| 615 | 10.5.3 Automatic Variables
|
|---|
| 616 | --------------------------
|
|---|
| 617 |
|
|---|
| 618 | Suppose you are writing a pattern rule to compile a `.c' file into a
|
|---|
| 619 | `.o' file: how do you write the `cc' command so that it operates on the
|
|---|
| 620 | right source file name? You cannot write the name in the recipe,
|
|---|
| 621 | because the name is different each time the implicit rule is applied.
|
|---|
| 622 |
|
|---|
| 623 | What you do is use a special feature of `make', the "automatic
|
|---|
| 624 | variables". These variables have values computed afresh for each rule
|
|---|
| 625 | that is executed, based on the target and prerequisites of the rule.
|
|---|
| 626 | In this example, you would use `$@' for the object file name and `$<'
|
|---|
| 627 | for the source file name.
|
|---|
| 628 |
|
|---|
| 629 | It's very important that you recognize the limited scope in which
|
|---|
| 630 | automatic variable values are available: they only have values within
|
|---|
| 631 | the recipe. In particular, you cannot use them anywhere within the
|
|---|
| 632 | target list of a rule; they have no value there and will expand to the
|
|---|
| 633 | empty string. Also, they cannot be accessed directly within the
|
|---|
| 634 | prerequisite list of a rule. A common mistake is attempting to use
|
|---|
| 635 | `$@' within the prerequisites list; this will not work. However, there
|
|---|
| 636 | is a special feature of GNU `make', secondary expansion (*note
|
|---|
| 637 | Secondary Expansion::), which will allow automatic variable values to
|
|---|
| 638 | be used in prerequisite lists.
|
|---|
| 639 |
|
|---|
| 640 | Here is a table of automatic variables:
|
|---|
| 641 |
|
|---|
| 642 | `$@'
|
|---|
| 643 | The file name of the target of the rule. If the target is an
|
|---|
| 644 | archive member, then `$@' is the name of the archive file. In a
|
|---|
| 645 | pattern rule that has multiple targets (*note Introduction to
|
|---|
| 646 | Pattern Rules: Pattern Intro.), `$@' is the name of whichever
|
|---|
| 647 | target caused the rule's recipe to be run.
|
|---|
| 648 |
|
|---|
| 649 | `$%'
|
|---|
| 650 | The target member name, when the target is an archive member.
|
|---|
| 651 | *Note Archives::. For example, if the target is `foo.a(bar.o)'
|
|---|
| 652 | then `$%' is `bar.o' and `$@' is `foo.a'. `$%' is empty when the
|
|---|
| 653 | target is not an archive member.
|
|---|
| 654 |
|
|---|
| 655 | `$<'
|
|---|
| 656 | The name of the first prerequisite. If the target got its recipe
|
|---|
| 657 | from an implicit rule, this will be the first prerequisite added
|
|---|
| 658 | by the implicit rule (*note Implicit Rules::).
|
|---|
| 659 |
|
|---|
| 660 | `$?'
|
|---|
| 661 | The names of all the prerequisites that are newer than the target,
|
|---|
| 662 | with spaces between them. For prerequisites which are archive
|
|---|
| 663 | members, only the named member is used (*note Archives::).
|
|---|
| 664 |
|
|---|
| 665 | `$^'
|
|---|
| 666 | The names of all the prerequisites, with spaces between them. For
|
|---|
| 667 | prerequisites which are archive members, only the named member is
|
|---|
| 668 | used (*note Archives::). A target has only one prerequisite on
|
|---|
| 669 | each other file it depends on, no matter how many times each file
|
|---|
| 670 | is listed as a prerequisite. So if you list a prerequisite more
|
|---|
| 671 | than once for a target, the value of `$^' contains just one copy
|
|---|
| 672 | of the name. This list does *not* contain any of the order-only
|
|---|
| 673 | prerequisites; for those see the `$|' variable, below.
|
|---|
| 674 |
|
|---|
| 675 | `$+'
|
|---|
| 676 | This is like `$^', but prerequisites listed more than once are
|
|---|
| 677 | duplicated in the order they were listed in the makefile. This is
|
|---|
| 678 | primarily useful for use in linking commands where it is
|
|---|
| 679 | meaningful to repeat library file names in a particular order.
|
|---|
| 680 |
|
|---|
| 681 | `$|'
|
|---|
| 682 | The names of all the order-only prerequisites, with spaces between
|
|---|
| 683 | them.
|
|---|
| 684 |
|
|---|
| 685 | `$*'
|
|---|
| 686 | The stem with which an implicit rule matches (*note How Patterns
|
|---|
| 687 | Match: Pattern Match.). If the target is `dir/a.foo.b' and the
|
|---|
| 688 | target pattern is `a.%.b' then the stem is `dir/foo'. The stem is
|
|---|
| 689 | useful for constructing names of related files.
|
|---|
| 690 |
|
|---|
| 691 | In a static pattern rule, the stem is part of the file name that
|
|---|
| 692 | matched the `%' in the target pattern.
|
|---|
| 693 |
|
|---|
| 694 | In an explicit rule, there is no stem; so `$*' cannot be determined
|
|---|
| 695 | in that way. Instead, if the target name ends with a recognized
|
|---|
| 696 | suffix (*note Old-Fashioned Suffix Rules: Suffix Rules.), `$*' is
|
|---|
| 697 | set to the target name minus the suffix. For example, if the
|
|---|
| 698 | target name is `foo.c', then `$*' is set to `foo', since `.c' is a
|
|---|
| 699 | suffix. GNU `make' does this bizarre thing only for compatibility
|
|---|
| 700 | with other implementations of `make'. You should generally avoid
|
|---|
| 701 | using `$*' except in implicit rules or static pattern rules.
|
|---|
| 702 |
|
|---|
| 703 | If the target name in an explicit rule does not end with a
|
|---|
| 704 | recognized suffix, `$*' is set to the empty string for that rule.
|
|---|
| 705 |
|
|---|
| 706 | `$?' is useful even in explicit rules when you wish to operate on
|
|---|
| 707 | only the prerequisites that have changed. For example, suppose that an
|
|---|
| 708 | archive named `lib' is supposed to contain copies of several object
|
|---|
| 709 | files. This rule copies just the changed object files into the archive:
|
|---|
| 710 |
|
|---|
| 711 | lib: foo.o bar.o lose.o win.o
|
|---|
| 712 | ar r lib $?
|
|---|
| 713 |
|
|---|
| 714 | Of the variables listed above, four have values that are single file
|
|---|
| 715 | names, and three have values that are lists of file names. These seven
|
|---|
| 716 | have variants that get just the file's directory name or just the file
|
|---|
| 717 | name within the directory. The variant variables' names are formed by
|
|---|
| 718 | appending `D' or `F', respectively. These variants are semi-obsolete
|
|---|
| 719 | in GNU `make' since the functions `dir' and `notdir' can be used to get
|
|---|
| 720 | a similar effect (*note Functions for File Names: File Name
|
|---|
| 721 | Functions.). Note, however, that the `D' variants all omit the
|
|---|
| 722 | trailing slash which always appears in the output of the `dir'
|
|---|
| 723 | function. Here is a table of the variants:
|
|---|
| 724 |
|
|---|
| 725 | `$(@D)'
|
|---|
| 726 | The directory part of the file name of the target, with the
|
|---|
| 727 | trailing slash removed. If the value of `$@' is `dir/foo.o' then
|
|---|
| 728 | `$(@D)' is `dir'. This value is `.' if `$@' does not contain a
|
|---|
| 729 | slash.
|
|---|
| 730 |
|
|---|
| 731 | `$(@F)'
|
|---|
| 732 | The file-within-directory part of the file name of the target. If
|
|---|
| 733 | the value of `$@' is `dir/foo.o' then `$(@F)' is `foo.o'. `$(@F)'
|
|---|
| 734 | is equivalent to `$(notdir $@)'.
|
|---|
| 735 |
|
|---|
| 736 | `$(*D)'
|
|---|
| 737 | `$(*F)'
|
|---|
| 738 | The directory part and the file-within-directory part of the stem;
|
|---|
| 739 | `dir' and `foo' in this example.
|
|---|
| 740 |
|
|---|
| 741 | `$(%D)'
|
|---|
| 742 | `$(%F)'
|
|---|
| 743 | The directory part and the file-within-directory part of the target
|
|---|
| 744 | archive member name. This makes sense only for archive member
|
|---|
| 745 | targets of the form `ARCHIVE(MEMBER)' and is useful only when
|
|---|
| 746 | MEMBER may contain a directory name. (*Note Archive Members as
|
|---|
| 747 | Targets: Archive Members.)
|
|---|
| 748 |
|
|---|
| 749 | `$(<D)'
|
|---|
| 750 | `$(<F)'
|
|---|
| 751 | The directory part and the file-within-directory part of the first
|
|---|
| 752 | prerequisite.
|
|---|
| 753 |
|
|---|
| 754 | `$(^D)'
|
|---|
| 755 | `$(^F)'
|
|---|
| 756 | Lists of the directory parts and the file-within-directory parts
|
|---|
| 757 | of all prerequisites.
|
|---|
| 758 |
|
|---|
| 759 | `$(+D)'
|
|---|
| 760 | `$(+F)'
|
|---|
| 761 | Lists of the directory parts and the file-within-directory parts
|
|---|
| 762 | of all prerequisites, including multiple instances of duplicated
|
|---|
| 763 | prerequisites.
|
|---|
| 764 |
|
|---|
| 765 | `$(?D)'
|
|---|
| 766 | `$(?F)'
|
|---|
| 767 | Lists of the directory parts and the file-within-directory parts of
|
|---|
| 768 | all prerequisites that are newer than the target.
|
|---|
| 769 |
|
|---|
| 770 | Note that we use a special stylistic convention when we talk about
|
|---|
| 771 | these automatic variables; we write "the value of `$<'", rather than
|
|---|
| 772 | "the variable `<'" as we would write for ordinary variables such as
|
|---|
| 773 | `objects' and `CFLAGS'. We think this convention looks more natural in
|
|---|
| 774 | this special case. Please do not assume it has a deep significance;
|
|---|
| 775 | `$<' refers to the variable named `<' just as `$(CFLAGS)' refers to the
|
|---|
| 776 | variable named `CFLAGS'. You could just as well use `$(<)' in place of
|
|---|
| 777 | `$<'.
|
|---|
| 778 |
|
|---|
| 779 |
|
|---|
| 780 | File: make.info, Node: Pattern Match, Next: Match-Anything Rules, Prev: Automatic Variables, Up: Pattern Rules
|
|---|
| 781 |
|
|---|
| 782 | 10.5.4 How Patterns Match
|
|---|
| 783 | -------------------------
|
|---|
| 784 |
|
|---|
| 785 | A target pattern is composed of a `%' between a prefix and a suffix,
|
|---|
| 786 | either or both of which may be empty. The pattern matches a file name
|
|---|
| 787 | only if the file name starts with the prefix and ends with the suffix,
|
|---|
| 788 | without overlap. The text between the prefix and the suffix is called
|
|---|
| 789 | the "stem". Thus, when the pattern `%.o' matches the file name
|
|---|
| 790 | `test.o', the stem is `test'. The pattern rule prerequisites are
|
|---|
| 791 | turned into actual file names by substituting the stem for the character
|
|---|
| 792 | `%'. Thus, if in the same example one of the prerequisites is written
|
|---|
| 793 | as `%.c', it expands to `test.c'.
|
|---|
| 794 |
|
|---|
| 795 | When the target pattern does not contain a slash (and it usually does
|
|---|
| 796 | not), directory names in the file names are removed from the file name
|
|---|
| 797 | before it is compared with the target prefix and suffix. After the
|
|---|
| 798 | comparison of the file name to the target pattern, the directory names,
|
|---|
| 799 | along with the slash that ends them, are added on to the prerequisite
|
|---|
| 800 | file names generated from the pattern rule's prerequisite patterns and
|
|---|
| 801 | the file name. The directories are ignored only for the purpose of
|
|---|
| 802 | finding an implicit rule to use, not in the application of that rule.
|
|---|
| 803 | Thus, `e%t' matches the file name `src/eat', with `src/a' as the stem.
|
|---|
| 804 | When prerequisites are turned into file names, the directories from the
|
|---|
| 805 | stem are added at the front, while the rest of the stem is substituted
|
|---|
| 806 | for the `%'. The stem `src/a' with a prerequisite pattern `c%r' gives
|
|---|
| 807 | the file name `src/car'.
|
|---|
| 808 |
|
|---|
| 809 | A pattern rule can be used to build a given file only if there is a
|
|---|
| 810 | target pattern that matches the file name, _and_ all prerequisites in
|
|---|
| 811 | that rule either exist or can be built. The rules you write take
|
|---|
| 812 | precedence over those that are built in. Note however, that a rule
|
|---|
| 813 | whose prerequisites actually exist or are mentioned always takes
|
|---|
| 814 | priority over a rule with prerequisites that must be made by chaining
|
|---|
| 815 | other implicit rules.
|
|---|
| 816 |
|
|---|
| 817 | It is possible that more than one pattern rule will meet these
|
|---|
| 818 | criteria. In that case, `make' will choose the rule with the shortest
|
|---|
| 819 | stem (that is, the pattern that matches most specifically). If more
|
|---|
| 820 | than one pattern rule has the shortest stem, `make' will choose the
|
|---|
| 821 | first one found in the makefile.
|
|---|
| 822 |
|
|---|
| 823 | This algorithm results in more specific rules being preferred over
|
|---|
| 824 | more generic ones; for example:
|
|---|
| 825 |
|
|---|
| 826 | %.o: %.c
|
|---|
| 827 | $(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $< -o $@
|
|---|
| 828 |
|
|---|
| 829 | %.o : %.f
|
|---|
| 830 | $(COMPILE.F) $(OUTPUT_OPTION) $<
|
|---|
| 831 |
|
|---|
| 832 | lib/%.o: lib/%.c
|
|---|
| 833 | $(CC) -fPIC -c $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $< -o $@
|
|---|
| 834 |
|
|---|
| 835 | Given these rules and asked to build `bar.o' where both `bar.c' and
|
|---|
| 836 | `bar.f' exist, `make' will choose the first rule and compile `bar.c'
|
|---|
| 837 | into `bar.o'. In the same situation where `bar.c' does not exist, then
|
|---|
| 838 | `make' will choose the second rule and compile `bar.f' into `bar.o'.
|
|---|
| 839 |
|
|---|
| 840 | If `make' is asked to build `lib/bar.o' and both `lib/bar.c' and
|
|---|
| 841 | `lib/bar.f' exist, then the third rule will be chosen since the stem
|
|---|
| 842 | for this rule (`bar') is shorter than the stem for the first rule
|
|---|
| 843 | (`lib/bar'). If `lib/bar.c' does not exist then the third rule is not
|
|---|
| 844 | eligible and the second rule will be used, even though the stem is
|
|---|
| 845 | longer.
|
|---|
| 846 |
|
|---|
| 847 |
|
|---|
| 848 | File: make.info, Node: Match-Anything Rules, Next: Canceling Rules, Prev: Pattern Match, Up: Pattern Rules
|
|---|
| 849 |
|
|---|
| 850 | 10.5.5 Match-Anything Pattern Rules
|
|---|
| 851 | -----------------------------------
|
|---|
| 852 |
|
|---|
| 853 | When a pattern rule's target is just `%', it matches any file name
|
|---|
| 854 | whatever. We call these rules "match-anything" rules. They are very
|
|---|
| 855 | useful, but it can take a lot of time for `make' to think about them,
|
|---|
| 856 | because it must consider every such rule for each file name listed
|
|---|
| 857 | either as a target or as a prerequisite.
|
|---|
| 858 |
|
|---|
| 859 | Suppose the makefile mentions `foo.c'. For this target, `make'
|
|---|
| 860 | would have to consider making it by linking an object file `foo.c.o',
|
|---|
| 861 | or by C compilation-and-linking in one step from `foo.c.c', or by
|
|---|
| 862 | Pascal compilation-and-linking from `foo.c.p', and many other
|
|---|
| 863 | possibilities.
|
|---|
| 864 |
|
|---|
| 865 | We know these possibilities are ridiculous since `foo.c' is a C
|
|---|
| 866 | source file, not an executable. If `make' did consider these
|
|---|
| 867 | possibilities, it would ultimately reject them, because files such as
|
|---|
| 868 | `foo.c.o' and `foo.c.p' would not exist. But these possibilities are so
|
|---|
| 869 | numerous that `make' would run very slowly if it had to consider them.
|
|---|
| 870 |
|
|---|
| 871 | To gain speed, we have put various constraints on the way `make'
|
|---|
| 872 | considers match-anything rules. There are two different constraints
|
|---|
| 873 | that can be applied, and each time you define a match-anything rule you
|
|---|
| 874 | must choose one or the other for that rule.
|
|---|
| 875 |
|
|---|
| 876 | One choice is to mark the match-anything rule as "terminal" by
|
|---|
| 877 | defining it with a double colon. When a rule is terminal, it does not
|
|---|
| 878 | apply unless its prerequisites actually exist. Prerequisites that
|
|---|
| 879 | could be made with other implicit rules are not good enough. In other
|
|---|
| 880 | words, no further chaining is allowed beyond a terminal rule.
|
|---|
| 881 |
|
|---|
| 882 | For example, the built-in implicit rules for extracting sources from
|
|---|
| 883 | RCS and SCCS files are terminal; as a result, if the file `foo.c,v' does
|
|---|
| 884 | not exist, `make' will not even consider trying to make it as an
|
|---|
| 885 | intermediate file from `foo.c,v.o' or from `RCS/SCCS/s.foo.c,v'. RCS
|
|---|
| 886 | and SCCS files are generally ultimate source files, which should not be
|
|---|
| 887 | remade from any other files; therefore, `make' can save time by not
|
|---|
| 888 | looking for ways to remake them.
|
|---|
| 889 |
|
|---|
| 890 | If you do not mark the match-anything rule as terminal, then it is
|
|---|
| 891 | nonterminal. A nonterminal match-anything rule cannot apply to a file
|
|---|
| 892 | name that indicates a specific type of data. A file name indicates a
|
|---|
| 893 | specific type of data if some non-match-anything implicit rule target
|
|---|
| 894 | matches it.
|
|---|
| 895 |
|
|---|
| 896 | For example, the file name `foo.c' matches the target for the pattern
|
|---|
| 897 | rule `%.c : %.y' (the rule to run Yacc). Regardless of whether this
|
|---|
| 898 | rule is actually applicable (which happens only if there is a file
|
|---|
| 899 | `foo.y'), the fact that its target matches is enough to prevent
|
|---|
| 900 | consideration of any nonterminal match-anything rules for the file
|
|---|
| 901 | `foo.c'. Thus, `make' will not even consider trying to make `foo.c' as
|
|---|
| 902 | an executable file from `foo.c.o', `foo.c.c', `foo.c.p', etc.
|
|---|
| 903 |
|
|---|
| 904 | The motivation for this constraint is that nonterminal match-anything
|
|---|
| 905 | rules are used for making files containing specific types of data (such
|
|---|
| 906 | as executable files) and a file name with a recognized suffix indicates
|
|---|
| 907 | some other specific type of data (such as a C source file).
|
|---|
| 908 |
|
|---|
| 909 | Special built-in dummy pattern rules are provided solely to recognize
|
|---|
| 910 | certain file names so that nonterminal match-anything rules will not be
|
|---|
| 911 | considered. These dummy rules have no prerequisites and no recipes, and
|
|---|
| 912 | they are ignored for all other purposes. For example, the built-in
|
|---|
| 913 | implicit rule
|
|---|
| 914 |
|
|---|
| 915 | %.p :
|
|---|
| 916 |
|
|---|
| 917 | exists to make sure that Pascal source files such as `foo.p' match a
|
|---|
| 918 | specific target pattern and thereby prevent time from being wasted
|
|---|
| 919 | looking for `foo.p.o' or `foo.p.c'.
|
|---|
| 920 |
|
|---|
| 921 | Dummy pattern rules such as the one for `%.p' are made for every
|
|---|
| 922 | suffix listed as valid for use in suffix rules (*note Old-Fashioned
|
|---|
| 923 | Suffix Rules: Suffix Rules.).
|
|---|
| 924 |
|
|---|
| 925 |
|
|---|
| 926 | File: make.info, Node: Canceling Rules, Prev: Match-Anything Rules, Up: Pattern Rules
|
|---|
| 927 |
|
|---|
| 928 | 10.5.6 Canceling Implicit Rules
|
|---|
| 929 | -------------------------------
|
|---|
| 930 |
|
|---|
| 931 | You can override a built-in implicit rule (or one you have defined
|
|---|
| 932 | yourself) by defining a new pattern rule with the same target and
|
|---|
| 933 | prerequisites, but a different recipe. When the new rule is defined,
|
|---|
| 934 | the built-in one is replaced. The new rule's position in the sequence
|
|---|
| 935 | of implicit rules is determined by where you write the new rule.
|
|---|
| 936 |
|
|---|
| 937 | You can cancel a built-in implicit rule by defining a pattern rule
|
|---|
| 938 | with the same target and prerequisites, but no recipe. For example,
|
|---|
| 939 | the following would cancel the rule that runs the assembler:
|
|---|
| 940 |
|
|---|
| 941 | %.o : %.s
|
|---|
| 942 |
|
|---|
| 943 |
|
|---|
| 944 | File: make.info, Node: Last Resort, Next: Suffix Rules, Prev: Pattern Rules, Up: Implicit Rules
|
|---|
| 945 |
|
|---|
| 946 | 10.6 Defining Last-Resort Default Rules
|
|---|
| 947 | =======================================
|
|---|
| 948 |
|
|---|
| 949 | You can define a last-resort implicit rule by writing a terminal
|
|---|
| 950 | match-anything pattern rule with no prerequisites (*note Match-Anything
|
|---|
| 951 | Rules::). This is just like any other pattern rule; the only thing
|
|---|
| 952 | special about it is that it will match any target. So such a rule's
|
|---|
| 953 | recipe is used for all targets and prerequisites that have no recipe of
|
|---|
| 954 | their own and for which no other implicit rule applies.
|
|---|
| 955 |
|
|---|
| 956 | For example, when testing a makefile, you might not care if the
|
|---|
| 957 | source files contain real data, only that they exist. Then you might
|
|---|
| 958 | do this:
|
|---|
| 959 |
|
|---|
| 960 | %::
|
|---|
| 961 | touch $@
|
|---|
| 962 |
|
|---|
| 963 | to cause all the source files needed (as prerequisites) to be created
|
|---|
| 964 | automatically.
|
|---|
| 965 |
|
|---|
| 966 | You can instead define a recipe to be used for targets for which
|
|---|
| 967 | there are no rules at all, even ones which don't specify recipes. You
|
|---|
| 968 | do this by writing a rule for the target `.DEFAULT'. Such a rule's
|
|---|
| 969 | recipe is used for all prerequisites which do not appear as targets in
|
|---|
| 970 | any explicit rule, and for which no implicit rule applies. Naturally,
|
|---|
| 971 | there is no `.DEFAULT' rule unless you write one.
|
|---|
| 972 |
|
|---|
| 973 | If you use `.DEFAULT' with no recipe or prerequisites:
|
|---|
| 974 |
|
|---|
| 975 | .DEFAULT:
|
|---|
| 976 |
|
|---|
| 977 | the recipe previously stored for `.DEFAULT' is cleared. Then `make'
|
|---|
| 978 | acts as if you had never defined `.DEFAULT' at all.
|
|---|
| 979 |
|
|---|
| 980 | If you do not want a target to get the recipe from a match-anything
|
|---|
| 981 | pattern rule or `.DEFAULT', but you also do not want any recipe to be
|
|---|
| 982 | run for the target, you can give it an empty recipe (*note Defining
|
|---|
| 983 | Empty Recipes: Empty Recipes.).
|
|---|
| 984 |
|
|---|
| 985 | You can use a last-resort rule to override part of another makefile.
|
|---|
| 986 | *Note Overriding Part of Another Makefile: Overriding Makefiles.
|
|---|
| 987 |
|
|---|
| 988 |
|
|---|
| 989 | File: make.info, Node: Suffix Rules, Next: Implicit Rule Search, Prev: Last Resort, Up: Implicit Rules
|
|---|
| 990 |
|
|---|
| 991 | 10.7 Old-Fashioned Suffix Rules
|
|---|
| 992 | ===============================
|
|---|
| 993 |
|
|---|
| 994 | "Suffix rules" are the old-fashioned way of defining implicit rules for
|
|---|
| 995 | `make'. Suffix rules are obsolete because pattern rules are more
|
|---|
| 996 | general and clearer. They are supported in GNU `make' for
|
|---|
| 997 | compatibility with old makefiles. They come in two kinds:
|
|---|
| 998 | "double-suffix" and "single-suffix".
|
|---|
| 999 |
|
|---|
| 1000 | A double-suffix rule is defined by a pair of suffixes: the target
|
|---|
| 1001 | suffix and the source suffix. It matches any file whose name ends with
|
|---|
| 1002 | the target suffix. The corresponding implicit prerequisite is made by
|
|---|
| 1003 | replacing the target suffix with the source suffix in the file name. A
|
|---|
| 1004 | two-suffix rule whose target and source suffixes are `.o' and `.c' is
|
|---|
| 1005 | equivalent to the pattern rule `%.o : %.c'.
|
|---|
| 1006 |
|
|---|
| 1007 | A single-suffix rule is defined by a single suffix, which is the
|
|---|
| 1008 | source suffix. It matches any file name, and the corresponding implicit
|
|---|
| 1009 | prerequisite name is made by appending the source suffix. A
|
|---|
| 1010 | single-suffix rule whose source suffix is `.c' is equivalent to the
|
|---|
| 1011 | pattern rule `% : %.c'.
|
|---|
| 1012 |
|
|---|
| 1013 | Suffix rule definitions are recognized by comparing each rule's
|
|---|
| 1014 | target against a defined list of known suffixes. When `make' sees a
|
|---|
| 1015 | rule whose target is a known suffix, this rule is considered a
|
|---|
| 1016 | single-suffix rule. When `make' sees a rule whose target is two known
|
|---|
| 1017 | suffixes concatenated, this rule is taken as a double-suffix rule.
|
|---|
| 1018 |
|
|---|
| 1019 | For example, `.c' and `.o' are both on the default list of known
|
|---|
| 1020 | suffixes. Therefore, if you define a rule whose target is `.c.o',
|
|---|
| 1021 | `make' takes it to be a double-suffix rule with source suffix `.c' and
|
|---|
| 1022 | target suffix `.o'. Here is the old-fashioned way to define the rule
|
|---|
| 1023 | for compiling a C source file:
|
|---|
| 1024 |
|
|---|
| 1025 | .c.o:
|
|---|
| 1026 | $(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) -o $@ $<
|
|---|
| 1027 |
|
|---|
| 1028 | Suffix rules cannot have any prerequisites of their own. If they
|
|---|
| 1029 | have any, they are treated as normal files with funny names, not as
|
|---|
| 1030 | suffix rules. Thus, the rule:
|
|---|
| 1031 |
|
|---|
| 1032 | .c.o: foo.h
|
|---|
| 1033 | $(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) -o $@ $<
|
|---|
| 1034 |
|
|---|
| 1035 | tells how to make the file `.c.o' from the prerequisite file `foo.h',
|
|---|
| 1036 | and is not at all like the pattern rule:
|
|---|
| 1037 |
|
|---|
| 1038 | %.o: %.c foo.h
|
|---|
| 1039 | $(CC) -c $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) -o $@ $<
|
|---|
| 1040 |
|
|---|
| 1041 | which tells how to make `.o' files from `.c' files, and makes all `.o'
|
|---|
| 1042 | files using this pattern rule also depend on `foo.h'.
|
|---|
| 1043 |
|
|---|
| 1044 | Suffix rules with no recipe are also meaningless. They do not remove
|
|---|
| 1045 | previous rules as do pattern rules with no recipe (*note Canceling
|
|---|
| 1046 | Implicit Rules: Canceling Rules.). They simply enter the suffix or
|
|---|
| 1047 | pair of suffixes concatenated as a target in the data base.
|
|---|
| 1048 |
|
|---|
| 1049 | The known suffixes are simply the names of the prerequisites of the
|
|---|
| 1050 | special target `.SUFFIXES'. You can add your own suffixes by writing a
|
|---|
| 1051 | rule for `.SUFFIXES' that adds more prerequisites, as in:
|
|---|
| 1052 |
|
|---|
| 1053 | .SUFFIXES: .hack .win
|
|---|
| 1054 |
|
|---|
| 1055 | which adds `.hack' and `.win' to the end of the list of suffixes.
|
|---|
| 1056 |
|
|---|
| 1057 | If you wish to eliminate the default known suffixes instead of just
|
|---|
| 1058 | adding to them, write a rule for `.SUFFIXES' with no prerequisites. By
|
|---|
| 1059 | special dispensation, this eliminates all existing prerequisites of
|
|---|
| 1060 | `.SUFFIXES'. You can then write another rule to add the suffixes you
|
|---|
| 1061 | want. For example,
|
|---|
| 1062 |
|
|---|
| 1063 | .SUFFIXES: # Delete the default suffixes
|
|---|
| 1064 | .SUFFIXES: .c .o .h # Define our suffix list
|
|---|
| 1065 |
|
|---|
| 1066 | The `-r' or `--no-builtin-rules' flag causes the default list of
|
|---|
| 1067 | suffixes to be empty.
|
|---|
| 1068 |
|
|---|
| 1069 | The variable `SUFFIXES' is defined to the default list of suffixes
|
|---|
| 1070 | before `make' reads any makefiles. You can change the list of suffixes
|
|---|
| 1071 | with a rule for the special target `.SUFFIXES', but that does not alter
|
|---|
| 1072 | this variable.
|
|---|
| 1073 |
|
|---|
| 1074 |
|
|---|
| 1075 | File: make.info, Node: Implicit Rule Search, Prev: Suffix Rules, Up: Implicit Rules
|
|---|
| 1076 |
|
|---|
| 1077 | 10.8 Implicit Rule Search Algorithm
|
|---|
| 1078 | ===================================
|
|---|
| 1079 |
|
|---|
| 1080 | Here is the procedure `make' uses for searching for an implicit rule
|
|---|
| 1081 | for a target T. This procedure is followed for each double-colon rule
|
|---|
| 1082 | with no recipe, for each target of ordinary rules none of which have a
|
|---|
| 1083 | recipe, and for each prerequisite that is not the target of any rule.
|
|---|
| 1084 | It is also followed recursively for prerequisites that come from
|
|---|
| 1085 | implicit rules, in the search for a chain of rules.
|
|---|
| 1086 |
|
|---|
| 1087 | Suffix rules are not mentioned in this algorithm because suffix
|
|---|
| 1088 | rules are converted to equivalent pattern rules once the makefiles have
|
|---|
| 1089 | been read in.
|
|---|
| 1090 |
|
|---|
| 1091 | For an archive member target of the form `ARCHIVE(MEMBER)', the
|
|---|
| 1092 | following algorithm is run twice, first using the entire target name T,
|
|---|
| 1093 | and second using `(MEMBER)' as the target T if the first run found no
|
|---|
| 1094 | rule.
|
|---|
| 1095 |
|
|---|
| 1096 | 1. Split T into a directory part, called D, and the rest, called N.
|
|---|
| 1097 | For example, if T is `src/foo.o', then D is `src/' and N is
|
|---|
| 1098 | `foo.o'.
|
|---|
| 1099 |
|
|---|
| 1100 | 2. Make a list of all the pattern rules one of whose targets matches
|
|---|
| 1101 | T or N. If the target pattern contains a slash, it is matched
|
|---|
| 1102 | against T; otherwise, against N.
|
|---|
| 1103 |
|
|---|
| 1104 | 3. If any rule in that list is _not_ a match-anything rule, then
|
|---|
| 1105 | remove all nonterminal match-anything rules from the list.
|
|---|
| 1106 |
|
|---|
| 1107 | 4. Remove from the list all rules with no recipe.
|
|---|
| 1108 |
|
|---|
| 1109 | 5. For each pattern rule in the list:
|
|---|
| 1110 |
|
|---|
| 1111 | a. Find the stem S, which is the nonempty part of T or N matched
|
|---|
| 1112 | by the `%' in the target pattern.
|
|---|
| 1113 |
|
|---|
| 1114 | b. Compute the prerequisite names by substituting S for `%'; if
|
|---|
| 1115 | the target pattern does not contain a slash, append D to the
|
|---|
| 1116 | front of each prerequisite name.
|
|---|
| 1117 |
|
|---|
| 1118 | c. Test whether all the prerequisites exist or ought to exist.
|
|---|
| 1119 | (If a file name is mentioned in the makefile as a target or
|
|---|
| 1120 | as an explicit prerequisite, then we say it ought to exist.)
|
|---|
| 1121 |
|
|---|
| 1122 | If all prerequisites exist or ought to exist, or there are no
|
|---|
| 1123 | prerequisites, then this rule applies.
|
|---|
| 1124 |
|
|---|
| 1125 | 6. If no pattern rule has been found so far, try harder. For each
|
|---|
| 1126 | pattern rule in the list:
|
|---|
| 1127 |
|
|---|
| 1128 | a. If the rule is terminal, ignore it and go on to the next rule.
|
|---|
| 1129 |
|
|---|
| 1130 | b. Compute the prerequisite names as before.
|
|---|
| 1131 |
|
|---|
| 1132 | c. Test whether all the prerequisites exist or ought to exist.
|
|---|
| 1133 |
|
|---|
| 1134 | d. For each prerequisite that does not exist, follow this
|
|---|
| 1135 | algorithm recursively to see if the prerequisite can be made
|
|---|
| 1136 | by an implicit rule.
|
|---|
| 1137 |
|
|---|
| 1138 | e. If all prerequisites exist, ought to exist, or can be made by
|
|---|
| 1139 | implicit rules, then this rule applies.
|
|---|
| 1140 |
|
|---|
| 1141 | 7. If no implicit rule applies, the rule for `.DEFAULT', if any,
|
|---|
| 1142 | applies. In that case, give T the same recipe that `.DEFAULT'
|
|---|
| 1143 | has. Otherwise, there is no recipe for T.
|
|---|
| 1144 |
|
|---|
| 1145 | Once a rule that applies has been found, for each target pattern of
|
|---|
| 1146 | the rule other than the one that matched T or N, the `%' in the pattern
|
|---|
| 1147 | is replaced with S and the resultant file name is stored until the
|
|---|
| 1148 | recipe to remake the target file T is executed. After the recipe is
|
|---|
| 1149 | executed, each of these stored file names are entered into the data
|
|---|
| 1150 | base and marked as having been updated and having the same update
|
|---|
| 1151 | status as the file T.
|
|---|
| 1152 |
|
|---|
| 1153 | When the recipe of a pattern rule is executed for T, the automatic
|
|---|
| 1154 | variables are set corresponding to the target and prerequisites. *Note
|
|---|
| 1155 | Automatic Variables::.
|
|---|
| 1156 |
|
|---|
| 1157 |
|
|---|
| 1158 | File: make.info, Node: Archives, Next: Features, Prev: Implicit Rules, Up: Top
|
|---|
| 1159 |
|
|---|
| 1160 | 11 Using `make' to Update Archive Files
|
|---|
| 1161 | ***************************************
|
|---|
| 1162 |
|
|---|
| 1163 | "Archive files" are files containing named subfiles called "members";
|
|---|
| 1164 | they are maintained with the program `ar' and their main use is as
|
|---|
| 1165 | subroutine libraries for linking.
|
|---|
| 1166 |
|
|---|
| 1167 | * Menu:
|
|---|
| 1168 |
|
|---|
| 1169 | * Archive Members:: Archive members as targets.
|
|---|
| 1170 | * Archive Update:: The implicit rule for archive member targets.
|
|---|
| 1171 | * Archive Pitfalls:: Dangers to watch out for when using archives.
|
|---|
| 1172 | * Archive Suffix Rules:: You can write a special kind of suffix rule
|
|---|
| 1173 | for updating archives.
|
|---|
| 1174 |
|
|---|
| 1175 |
|
|---|
| 1176 | File: make.info, Node: Archive Members, Next: Archive Update, Prev: Archives, Up: Archives
|
|---|
| 1177 |
|
|---|
| 1178 | 11.1 Archive Members as Targets
|
|---|
| 1179 | ===============================
|
|---|
| 1180 |
|
|---|
| 1181 | An individual member of an archive file can be used as a target or
|
|---|
| 1182 | prerequisite in `make'. You specify the member named MEMBER in archive
|
|---|
| 1183 | file ARCHIVE as follows:
|
|---|
| 1184 |
|
|---|
| 1185 | ARCHIVE(MEMBER)
|
|---|
| 1186 |
|
|---|
| 1187 | This construct is available only in targets and prerequisites, not in
|
|---|
| 1188 | recipes! Most programs that you might use in recipes do not support
|
|---|
| 1189 | this syntax and cannot act directly on archive members. Only `ar' and
|
|---|
| 1190 | other programs specifically designed to operate on archives can do so.
|
|---|
| 1191 | Therefore, valid recipes to update an archive member target probably
|
|---|
| 1192 | must use `ar'. For example, this rule says to create a member `hack.o'
|
|---|
| 1193 | in archive `foolib' by copying the file `hack.o':
|
|---|
| 1194 |
|
|---|
| 1195 | foolib(hack.o) : hack.o
|
|---|
| 1196 | ar cr foolib hack.o
|
|---|
| 1197 |
|
|---|
| 1198 | In fact, nearly all archive member targets are updated in just this
|
|---|
| 1199 | way and there is an implicit rule to do it for you. *Please note:* The
|
|---|
| 1200 | `c' flag to `ar' is required if the archive file does not already exist.
|
|---|
| 1201 |
|
|---|
| 1202 | To specify several members in the same archive, you can write all the
|
|---|
| 1203 | member names together between the parentheses. For example:
|
|---|
| 1204 |
|
|---|
| 1205 | foolib(hack.o kludge.o)
|
|---|
| 1206 |
|
|---|
| 1207 | is equivalent to:
|
|---|
| 1208 |
|
|---|
| 1209 | foolib(hack.o) foolib(kludge.o)
|
|---|
| 1210 |
|
|---|
| 1211 | You can also use shell-style wildcards in an archive member
|
|---|
| 1212 | reference. *Note Using Wildcard Characters in File Names: Wildcards.
|
|---|
| 1213 | For example, `foolib(*.o)' expands to all existing members of the
|
|---|
| 1214 | `foolib' archive whose names end in `.o'; perhaps `foolib(hack.o)
|
|---|
| 1215 | foolib(kludge.o)'.
|
|---|
| 1216 |
|
|---|
| 1217 |
|
|---|
| 1218 | File: make.info, Node: Archive Update, Next: Archive Pitfalls, Prev: Archive Members, Up: Archives
|
|---|
| 1219 |
|
|---|
| 1220 | 11.2 Implicit Rule for Archive Member Targets
|
|---|
| 1221 | =============================================
|
|---|
| 1222 |
|
|---|
| 1223 | Recall that a target that looks like `A(M)' stands for the member named
|
|---|
| 1224 | M in the archive file A.
|
|---|
| 1225 |
|
|---|
| 1226 | When `make' looks for an implicit rule for such a target, as a
|
|---|
| 1227 | special feature it considers implicit rules that match `(M)', as well as
|
|---|
| 1228 | those that match the actual target `A(M)'.
|
|---|
| 1229 |
|
|---|
| 1230 | This causes one special rule whose target is `(%)' to match. This
|
|---|
| 1231 | rule updates the target `A(M)' by copying the file M into the archive.
|
|---|
| 1232 | For example, it will update the archive member target `foo.a(bar.o)' by
|
|---|
| 1233 | copying the _file_ `bar.o' into the archive `foo.a' as a _member_ named
|
|---|
| 1234 | `bar.o'.
|
|---|
| 1235 |
|
|---|
| 1236 | When this rule is chained with others, the result is very powerful.
|
|---|
| 1237 | Thus, `make "foo.a(bar.o)"' (the quotes are needed to protect the `('
|
|---|
| 1238 | and `)' from being interpreted specially by the shell) in the presence
|
|---|
| 1239 | of a file `bar.c' is enough to cause the following recipe to be run,
|
|---|
| 1240 | even without a makefile:
|
|---|
| 1241 |
|
|---|
| 1242 | cc -c bar.c -o bar.o
|
|---|
| 1243 | ar r foo.a bar.o
|
|---|
| 1244 | rm -f bar.o
|
|---|
| 1245 |
|
|---|
| 1246 | Here `make' has envisioned the file `bar.o' as an intermediate file.
|
|---|
| 1247 | *Note Chains of Implicit Rules: Chained Rules.
|
|---|
| 1248 |
|
|---|
| 1249 | Implicit rules such as this one are written using the automatic
|
|---|
| 1250 | variable `$%'. *Note Automatic Variables::.
|
|---|
| 1251 |
|
|---|
| 1252 | An archive member name in an archive cannot contain a directory
|
|---|
| 1253 | name, but it may be useful in a makefile to pretend that it does. If
|
|---|
| 1254 | you write an archive member target `foo.a(dir/file.o)', `make' will
|
|---|
| 1255 | perform automatic updating with this recipe:
|
|---|
| 1256 |
|
|---|
| 1257 | ar r foo.a dir/file.o
|
|---|
| 1258 |
|
|---|
| 1259 | which has the effect of copying the file `dir/file.o' into a member
|
|---|
| 1260 | named `file.o'. In connection with such usage, the automatic variables
|
|---|
| 1261 | `%D' and `%F' may be useful.
|
|---|
| 1262 |
|
|---|
| 1263 | * Menu:
|
|---|
| 1264 |
|
|---|
| 1265 | * Archive Symbols:: How to update archive symbol directories.
|
|---|
| 1266 |
|
|---|
| 1267 |
|
|---|
| 1268 | File: make.info, Node: Archive Symbols, Prev: Archive Update, Up: Archive Update
|
|---|
| 1269 |
|
|---|
| 1270 | 11.2.1 Updating Archive Symbol Directories
|
|---|
| 1271 | ------------------------------------------
|
|---|
| 1272 |
|
|---|
| 1273 | An archive file that is used as a library usually contains a special
|
|---|
| 1274 | member named `__.SYMDEF' that contains a directory of the external
|
|---|
| 1275 | symbol names defined by all the other members. After you update any
|
|---|
| 1276 | other members, you need to update `__.SYMDEF' so that it will summarize
|
|---|
| 1277 | the other members properly. This is done by running the `ranlib'
|
|---|
| 1278 | program:
|
|---|
| 1279 |
|
|---|
| 1280 | ranlib ARCHIVEFILE
|
|---|
| 1281 |
|
|---|
| 1282 | Normally you would put this command in the rule for the archive file,
|
|---|
| 1283 | and make all the members of the archive file prerequisites of that rule.
|
|---|
| 1284 | For example,
|
|---|
| 1285 |
|
|---|
| 1286 | libfoo.a: libfoo.a(x.o) libfoo.a(y.o) ...
|
|---|
| 1287 | ranlib libfoo.a
|
|---|
| 1288 |
|
|---|
| 1289 | The effect of this is to update archive members `x.o', `y.o', etc., and
|
|---|
| 1290 | then update the symbol directory member `__.SYMDEF' by running
|
|---|
| 1291 | `ranlib'. The rules for updating the members are not shown here; most
|
|---|
| 1292 | likely you can omit them and use the implicit rule which copies files
|
|---|
| 1293 | into the archive, as described in the preceding section.
|
|---|
| 1294 |
|
|---|
| 1295 | This is not necessary when using the GNU `ar' program, which updates
|
|---|
| 1296 | the `__.SYMDEF' member automatically.
|
|---|
| 1297 |
|
|---|
| 1298 |
|
|---|
| 1299 | File: make.info, Node: Archive Pitfalls, Next: Archive Suffix Rules, Prev: Archive Update, Up: Archives
|
|---|
| 1300 |
|
|---|
| 1301 | 11.3 Dangers When Using Archives
|
|---|
| 1302 | ================================
|
|---|
| 1303 |
|
|---|
| 1304 | It is important to be careful when using parallel execution (the `-j'
|
|---|
| 1305 | switch; *note Parallel Execution: Parallel.) and archives. If multiple
|
|---|
| 1306 | `ar' commands run at the same time on the same archive file, they will
|
|---|
| 1307 | not know about each other and can corrupt the file.
|
|---|
| 1308 |
|
|---|
| 1309 | Possibly a future version of `make' will provide a mechanism to
|
|---|
| 1310 | circumvent this problem by serializing all recipes that operate on the
|
|---|
| 1311 | same archive file. But for the time being, you must either write your
|
|---|
| 1312 | makefiles to avoid this problem in some other way, or not use `-j'.
|
|---|
| 1313 |
|
|---|
| 1314 |
|
|---|
| 1315 | File: make.info, Node: Archive Suffix Rules, Prev: Archive Pitfalls, Up: Archives
|
|---|
| 1316 |
|
|---|
| 1317 | 11.4 Suffix Rules for Archive Files
|
|---|
| 1318 | ===================================
|
|---|
| 1319 |
|
|---|
| 1320 | You can write a special kind of suffix rule for dealing with archive
|
|---|
| 1321 | files. *Note Suffix Rules::, for a full explanation of suffix rules.
|
|---|
| 1322 | Archive suffix rules are obsolete in GNU `make', because pattern rules
|
|---|
| 1323 | for archives are a more general mechanism (*note Archive Update::).
|
|---|
| 1324 | But they are retained for compatibility with other `make's.
|
|---|
| 1325 |
|
|---|
| 1326 | To write a suffix rule for archives, you simply write a suffix rule
|
|---|
| 1327 | using the target suffix `.a' (the usual suffix for archive files). For
|
|---|
| 1328 | example, here is the old-fashioned suffix rule to update a library
|
|---|
| 1329 | archive from C source files:
|
|---|
| 1330 |
|
|---|
| 1331 | .c.a:
|
|---|
| 1332 | $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) -c $< -o $*.o
|
|---|
| 1333 | $(AR) r $@ $*.o
|
|---|
| 1334 | $(RM) $*.o
|
|---|
| 1335 |
|
|---|
| 1336 | This works just as if you had written the pattern rule:
|
|---|
| 1337 |
|
|---|
| 1338 | (%.o): %.c
|
|---|
| 1339 | $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) -c $< -o $*.o
|
|---|
| 1340 | $(AR) r $@ $*.o
|
|---|
| 1341 | $(RM) $*.o
|
|---|
| 1342 |
|
|---|
| 1343 | In fact, this is just what `make' does when it sees a suffix rule
|
|---|
| 1344 | with `.a' as the target suffix. Any double-suffix rule `.X.a' is
|
|---|
| 1345 | converted to a pattern rule with the target pattern `(%.o)' and a
|
|---|
| 1346 | prerequisite pattern of `%.X'.
|
|---|
| 1347 |
|
|---|
| 1348 | Since you might want to use `.a' as the suffix for some other kind
|
|---|
| 1349 | of file, `make' also converts archive suffix rules to pattern rules in
|
|---|
| 1350 | the normal way (*note Suffix Rules::). Thus a double-suffix rule
|
|---|
| 1351 | `.X.a' produces two pattern rules: `(%.o): %.X' and `%.a: %.X'.
|
|---|
| 1352 |
|
|---|
| 1353 |
|
|---|
| 1354 | File: make.info, Node: Features, Next: Missing, Prev: Archives, Up: Top
|
|---|
| 1355 |
|
|---|
| 1356 | 12 Features of GNU `make'
|
|---|
| 1357 | *************************
|
|---|
| 1358 |
|
|---|
| 1359 | Here is a summary of the features of GNU `make', for comparison with
|
|---|
| 1360 | and credit to other versions of `make'. We consider the features of
|
|---|
| 1361 | `make' in 4.2 BSD systems as a baseline. If you are concerned with
|
|---|
| 1362 | writing portable makefiles, you should not use the features of `make'
|
|---|
| 1363 | listed here, nor the ones in *note Missing::.
|
|---|
| 1364 |
|
|---|
| 1365 | Many features come from the version of `make' in System V.
|
|---|
| 1366 |
|
|---|
| 1367 | * The `VPATH' variable and its special meaning. *Note Searching
|
|---|
| 1368 | Directories for Prerequisites: Directory Search. This feature
|
|---|
| 1369 | exists in System V `make', but is undocumented. It is documented
|
|---|
| 1370 | in 4.3 BSD `make' (which says it mimics System V's `VPATH'
|
|---|
| 1371 | feature).
|
|---|
| 1372 |
|
|---|
| 1373 | * Included makefiles. *Note Including Other Makefiles: Include.
|
|---|
| 1374 | Allowing multiple files to be included with a single directive is
|
|---|
| 1375 | a GNU extension.
|
|---|
| 1376 |
|
|---|
| 1377 | * Variables are read from and communicated via the environment.
|
|---|
| 1378 | *Note Variables from the Environment: Environment.
|
|---|
| 1379 |
|
|---|
| 1380 | * Options passed through the variable `MAKEFLAGS' to recursive
|
|---|
| 1381 | invocations of `make'. *Note Communicating Options to a
|
|---|
| 1382 | Sub-`make': Options/Recursion.
|
|---|
| 1383 |
|
|---|
| 1384 | * The automatic variable `$%' is set to the member name in an
|
|---|
| 1385 | archive reference. *Note Automatic Variables::.
|
|---|
| 1386 |
|
|---|
| 1387 | * The automatic variables `$@', `$*', `$<', `$%', and `$?' have
|
|---|
| 1388 | corresponding forms like `$(@F)' and `$(@D)'. We have generalized
|
|---|
| 1389 | this to `$^' as an obvious extension. *Note Automatic Variables::.
|
|---|
| 1390 |
|
|---|
| 1391 | * Substitution variable references. *Note Basics of Variable
|
|---|
| 1392 | References: Reference.
|
|---|
| 1393 |
|
|---|
| 1394 | * The command line options `-b' and `-m', accepted and ignored. In
|
|---|
| 1395 | System V `make', these options actually do something.
|
|---|
| 1396 |
|
|---|
| 1397 | * Execution of recursive commands to run `make' via the variable
|
|---|
| 1398 | `MAKE' even if `-n', `-q' or `-t' is specified. *Note Recursive
|
|---|
| 1399 | Use of `make': Recursion.
|
|---|
| 1400 |
|
|---|
| 1401 | * Support for suffix `.a' in suffix rules. *Note Archive Suffix
|
|---|
| 1402 | Rules::. This feature is obsolete in GNU `make', because the
|
|---|
| 1403 | general feature of rule chaining (*note Chains of Implicit Rules:
|
|---|
| 1404 | Chained Rules.) allows one pattern rule for installing members in
|
|---|
| 1405 | an archive (*note Archive Update::) to be sufficient.
|
|---|
| 1406 |
|
|---|
| 1407 | * The arrangement of lines and backslash-newline combinations in
|
|---|
| 1408 | recipes is retained when the recipes are printed, so they appear as
|
|---|
| 1409 | they do in the makefile, except for the stripping of initial
|
|---|
| 1410 | whitespace.
|
|---|
| 1411 |
|
|---|
| 1412 | The following features were inspired by various other versions of
|
|---|
| 1413 | `make'. In some cases it is unclear exactly which versions inspired
|
|---|
| 1414 | which others.
|
|---|
| 1415 |
|
|---|
| 1416 | * Pattern rules using `%'. This has been implemented in several
|
|---|
| 1417 | versions of `make'. We're not sure who invented it first, but
|
|---|
| 1418 | it's been spread around a bit. *Note Defining and Redefining
|
|---|
| 1419 | Pattern Rules: Pattern Rules.
|
|---|
| 1420 |
|
|---|
| 1421 | * Rule chaining and implicit intermediate files. This was
|
|---|
| 1422 | implemented by Stu Feldman in his version of `make' for AT&T
|
|---|
| 1423 | Eighth Edition Research Unix, and later by Andrew Hume of AT&T
|
|---|
| 1424 | Bell Labs in his `mk' program (where he terms it "transitive
|
|---|
| 1425 | closure"). We do not really know if we got this from either of
|
|---|
| 1426 | them or thought it up ourselves at the same time. *Note Chains of
|
|---|
| 1427 | Implicit Rules: Chained Rules.
|
|---|
| 1428 |
|
|---|
| 1429 | * The automatic variable `$^' containing a list of all prerequisites
|
|---|
| 1430 | of the current target. We did not invent this, but we have no
|
|---|
| 1431 | idea who did. *Note Automatic Variables::. The automatic variable
|
|---|
| 1432 | `$+' is a simple extension of `$^'.
|
|---|
| 1433 |
|
|---|
| 1434 | * The "what if" flag (`-W' in GNU `make') was (as far as we know)
|
|---|
| 1435 | invented by Andrew Hume in `mk'. *Note Instead of Executing
|
|---|
| 1436 | Recipes: Instead of Execution.
|
|---|
| 1437 |
|
|---|
| 1438 | * The concept of doing several things at once (parallelism) exists in
|
|---|
| 1439 | many incarnations of `make' and similar programs, though not in the
|
|---|
| 1440 | System V or BSD implementations. *Note Recipe Execution:
|
|---|
| 1441 | Execution.
|
|---|
| 1442 |
|
|---|
| 1443 | * Modified variable references using pattern substitution come from
|
|---|
| 1444 | SunOS 4. *Note Basics of Variable References: Reference. This
|
|---|
| 1445 | functionality was provided in GNU `make' by the `patsubst'
|
|---|
| 1446 | function before the alternate syntax was implemented for
|
|---|
| 1447 | compatibility with SunOS 4. It is not altogether clear who
|
|---|
| 1448 | inspired whom, since GNU `make' had `patsubst' before SunOS 4 was
|
|---|
| 1449 | released.
|
|---|
| 1450 |
|
|---|
| 1451 | * The special significance of `+' characters preceding recipe lines
|
|---|
| 1452 | (*note Instead of Executing Recipes: Instead of Execution.) is
|
|---|
| 1453 | mandated by `IEEE Standard 1003.2-1992' (POSIX.2).
|
|---|
| 1454 |
|
|---|
| 1455 | * The `+=' syntax to append to the value of a variable comes from
|
|---|
| 1456 | SunOS 4 `make'. *Note Appending More Text to Variables: Appending.
|
|---|
| 1457 |
|
|---|
| 1458 | * The syntax `ARCHIVE(MEM1 MEM2...)' to list multiple members in a
|
|---|
| 1459 | single archive file comes from SunOS 4 `make'. *Note Archive
|
|---|
| 1460 | Members::.
|
|---|
| 1461 |
|
|---|
| 1462 | * The `-include' directive to include makefiles with no error for a
|
|---|
| 1463 | nonexistent file comes from SunOS 4 `make'. (But note that SunOS 4
|
|---|
| 1464 | `make' does not allow multiple makefiles to be specified in one
|
|---|
| 1465 | `-include' directive.) The same feature appears with the name
|
|---|
| 1466 | `sinclude' in SGI `make' and perhaps others.
|
|---|
| 1467 |
|
|---|
| 1468 | The remaining features are inventions new in GNU `make':
|
|---|
| 1469 |
|
|---|
| 1470 | * Use the `-v' or `--version' option to print version and copyright
|
|---|
| 1471 | information.
|
|---|
| 1472 |
|
|---|
| 1473 | * Use the `-h' or `--help' option to summarize the options to `make'.
|
|---|
| 1474 |
|
|---|
| 1475 | * Simply-expanded variables. *Note The Two Flavors of Variables:
|
|---|
| 1476 | Flavors.
|
|---|
| 1477 |
|
|---|
| 1478 | * Pass command line variable assignments automatically through the
|
|---|
| 1479 | variable `MAKE' to recursive `make' invocations. *Note Recursive
|
|---|
| 1480 | Use of `make': Recursion.
|
|---|
| 1481 |
|
|---|
| 1482 | * Use the `-C' or `--directory' command option to change directory.
|
|---|
| 1483 | *Note Summary of Options: Options Summary.
|
|---|
| 1484 |
|
|---|
| 1485 | * Make verbatim variable definitions with `define'. *Note Defining
|
|---|
| 1486 | Multi-Line Variables: Multi-Line.
|
|---|
| 1487 |
|
|---|
| 1488 | * Declare phony targets with the special target `.PHONY'.
|
|---|
| 1489 |
|
|---|
| 1490 | Andrew Hume of AT&T Bell Labs implemented a similar feature with a
|
|---|
| 1491 | different syntax in his `mk' program. This seems to be a case of
|
|---|
| 1492 | parallel discovery. *Note Phony Targets: Phony Targets.
|
|---|
| 1493 |
|
|---|
| 1494 | * Manipulate text by calling functions. *Note Functions for
|
|---|
| 1495 | Transforming Text: Functions.
|
|---|
| 1496 |
|
|---|
| 1497 | * Use the `-o' or `--old-file' option to pretend a file's
|
|---|
| 1498 | modification-time is old. *Note Avoiding Recompilation of Some
|
|---|
| 1499 | Files: Avoiding Compilation.
|
|---|
| 1500 |
|
|---|
| 1501 | * Conditional execution.
|
|---|
| 1502 |
|
|---|
| 1503 | This feature has been implemented numerous times in various
|
|---|
| 1504 | versions of `make'; it seems a natural extension derived from the
|
|---|
| 1505 | features of the C preprocessor and similar macro languages and is
|
|---|
| 1506 | not a revolutionary concept. *Note Conditional Parts of
|
|---|
| 1507 | Makefiles: Conditionals.
|
|---|
| 1508 |
|
|---|
| 1509 | * Specify a search path for included makefiles. *Note Including
|
|---|
| 1510 | Other Makefiles: Include.
|
|---|
| 1511 |
|
|---|
| 1512 | * Specify extra makefiles to read with an environment variable.
|
|---|
| 1513 | *Note The Variable `MAKEFILES': MAKEFILES Variable.
|
|---|
| 1514 |
|
|---|
| 1515 | * Strip leading sequences of `./' from file names, so that `./FILE'
|
|---|
| 1516 | and `FILE' are considered to be the same file.
|
|---|
| 1517 |
|
|---|
| 1518 | * Use a special search method for library prerequisites written in
|
|---|
| 1519 | the form `-lNAME'. *Note Directory Search for Link Libraries:
|
|---|
| 1520 | Libraries/Search.
|
|---|
| 1521 |
|
|---|
| 1522 | * Allow suffixes for suffix rules (*note Old-Fashioned Suffix Rules:
|
|---|
| 1523 | Suffix Rules.) to contain any characters. In other versions of
|
|---|
| 1524 | `make', they must begin with `.' and not contain any `/'
|
|---|
| 1525 | characters.
|
|---|
| 1526 |
|
|---|
| 1527 | * Keep track of the current level of `make' recursion using the
|
|---|
| 1528 | variable `MAKELEVEL'. *Note Recursive Use of `make': Recursion.
|
|---|
| 1529 |
|
|---|
| 1530 | * Provide any goals given on the command line in the variable
|
|---|
| 1531 | `MAKECMDGOALS'. *Note Arguments to Specify the Goals: Goals.
|
|---|
| 1532 |
|
|---|
| 1533 | * Specify static pattern rules. *Note Static Pattern Rules: Static
|
|---|
| 1534 | Pattern.
|
|---|
| 1535 |
|
|---|
| 1536 | * Provide selective `vpath' search. *Note Searching Directories for
|
|---|
| 1537 | Prerequisites: Directory Search.
|
|---|
| 1538 |
|
|---|
| 1539 | * Provide computed variable references. *Note Basics of Variable
|
|---|
| 1540 | References: Reference.
|
|---|
| 1541 |
|
|---|
| 1542 | * Update makefiles. *Note How Makefiles Are Remade: Remaking
|
|---|
| 1543 | Makefiles. System V `make' has a very, very limited form of this
|
|---|
| 1544 | functionality in that it will check out SCCS files for makefiles.
|
|---|
| 1545 |
|
|---|
| 1546 | * Various new built-in implicit rules. *Note Catalogue of Implicit
|
|---|
| 1547 | Rules: Catalogue of Rules.
|
|---|
| 1548 |
|
|---|
| 1549 | * The built-in variable `MAKE_VERSION' gives the version number of
|
|---|
| 1550 | `make'.
|
|---|
| 1551 |
|
|---|
| 1552 |
|
|---|
| 1553 | File: make.info, Node: Missing, Next: Makefile Conventions, Prev: Features, Up: Top
|
|---|
| 1554 |
|
|---|
| 1555 | 13 Incompatibilities and Missing Features
|
|---|
| 1556 | *****************************************
|
|---|
| 1557 |
|
|---|
| 1558 | The `make' programs in various other systems support a few features
|
|---|
| 1559 | that are not implemented in GNU `make'. The POSIX.2 standard (`IEEE
|
|---|
| 1560 | Standard 1003.2-1992') which specifies `make' does not require any of
|
|---|
| 1561 | these features.
|
|---|
| 1562 |
|
|---|
| 1563 | * A target of the form `FILE((ENTRY))' stands for a member of
|
|---|
| 1564 | archive file FILE. The member is chosen, not by name, but by
|
|---|
| 1565 | being an object file which defines the linker symbol ENTRY.
|
|---|
| 1566 |
|
|---|
| 1567 | This feature was not put into GNU `make' because of the
|
|---|
| 1568 | nonmodularity of putting knowledge into `make' of the internal
|
|---|
| 1569 | format of archive file symbol tables. *Note Updating Archive
|
|---|
| 1570 | Symbol Directories: Archive Symbols.
|
|---|
| 1571 |
|
|---|
| 1572 | * Suffixes (used in suffix rules) that end with the character `~'
|
|---|
| 1573 | have a special meaning to System V `make'; they refer to the SCCS
|
|---|
| 1574 | file that corresponds to the file one would get without the `~'.
|
|---|
| 1575 | For example, the suffix rule `.c~.o' would make the file `N.o' from
|
|---|
| 1576 | the SCCS file `s.N.c'. For complete coverage, a whole series of
|
|---|
| 1577 | such suffix rules is required. *Note Old-Fashioned Suffix Rules:
|
|---|
| 1578 | Suffix Rules.
|
|---|
| 1579 |
|
|---|
| 1580 | In GNU `make', this entire series of cases is handled by two
|
|---|
| 1581 | pattern rules for extraction from SCCS, in combination with the
|
|---|
| 1582 | general feature of rule chaining. *Note Chains of Implicit Rules:
|
|---|
| 1583 | Chained Rules.
|
|---|
| 1584 |
|
|---|
| 1585 | * In System V and 4.3 BSD `make', files found by `VPATH' search
|
|---|
| 1586 | (*note Searching Directories for Prerequisites: Directory Search.)
|
|---|
| 1587 | have their names changed inside recipes. We feel it is much
|
|---|
| 1588 | cleaner to always use automatic variables and thus make this
|
|---|
| 1589 | feature obsolete.
|
|---|
| 1590 |
|
|---|
| 1591 | * In some Unix `make's, the automatic variable `$*' appearing in the
|
|---|
| 1592 | prerequisites of a rule has the amazingly strange "feature" of
|
|---|
| 1593 | expanding to the full name of the _target of that rule_. We cannot
|
|---|
| 1594 | imagine what went on in the minds of Unix `make' developers to do
|
|---|
| 1595 | this; it is utterly inconsistent with the normal definition of
|
|---|
| 1596 | `$*'.
|
|---|
| 1597 |
|
|---|
| 1598 | * In some Unix `make's, implicit rule search (*note Using Implicit
|
|---|
| 1599 | Rules: Implicit Rules.) is apparently done for _all_ targets, not
|
|---|
| 1600 | just those without recipes. This means you can do:
|
|---|
| 1601 |
|
|---|
| 1602 | foo.o:
|
|---|
| 1603 | cc -c foo.c
|
|---|
| 1604 |
|
|---|
| 1605 | and Unix `make' will intuit that `foo.o' depends on `foo.c'.
|
|---|
| 1606 |
|
|---|
| 1607 | We feel that such usage is broken. The prerequisite properties of
|
|---|
| 1608 | `make' are well-defined (for GNU `make', at least), and doing such
|
|---|
| 1609 | a thing simply does not fit the model.
|
|---|
| 1610 |
|
|---|
| 1611 | * GNU `make' does not include any built-in implicit rules for
|
|---|
| 1612 | compiling or preprocessing EFL programs. If we hear of anyone who
|
|---|
| 1613 | is using EFL, we will gladly add them.
|
|---|
| 1614 |
|
|---|
| 1615 | * It appears that in SVR4 `make', a suffix rule can be specified
|
|---|
| 1616 | with no recipe, and it is treated as if it had an empty recipe
|
|---|
| 1617 | (*note Empty Recipes::). For example:
|
|---|
| 1618 |
|
|---|
| 1619 | .c.a:
|
|---|
| 1620 |
|
|---|
| 1621 | will override the built-in `.c.a' suffix rule.
|
|---|
| 1622 |
|
|---|
| 1623 | We feel that it is cleaner for a rule without a recipe to always
|
|---|
| 1624 | simply add to the prerequisite list for the target. The above
|
|---|
| 1625 | example can be easily rewritten to get the desired behavior in GNU
|
|---|
| 1626 | `make':
|
|---|
| 1627 |
|
|---|
| 1628 | .c.a: ;
|
|---|
| 1629 |
|
|---|
| 1630 | * Some versions of `make' invoke the shell with the `-e' flag,
|
|---|
| 1631 | except under `-k' (*note Testing the Compilation of a Program:
|
|---|
| 1632 | Testing.). The `-e' flag tells the shell to exit as soon as any
|
|---|
| 1633 | program it runs returns a nonzero status. We feel it is cleaner to
|
|---|
| 1634 | write each line of the recipe to stand on its own and not require
|
|---|
| 1635 | this special treatment.
|
|---|
| 1636 |
|
|---|
| 1637 |
|
|---|
| 1638 | File: make.info, Node: Makefile Conventions, Next: Quick Reference, Prev: Missing, Up: Top
|
|---|
| 1639 |
|
|---|
| 1640 | 14 Makefile Conventions
|
|---|
| 1641 | ***********************
|
|---|
| 1642 |
|
|---|
| 1643 | This node describes conventions for writing the Makefiles for GNU
|
|---|
| 1644 | programs. Using Automake will help you write a Makefile that follows
|
|---|
| 1645 | these conventions. For more information on portable Makefiles, see
|
|---|
| 1646 | POSIX and *note Portable Make Programming: (autoconf)Portable Make.
|
|---|
| 1647 |
|
|---|
| 1648 | * Menu:
|
|---|
| 1649 |
|
|---|
| 1650 | * Makefile Basics:: General conventions for Makefiles.
|
|---|
| 1651 | * Utilities in Makefiles:: Utilities to be used in Makefiles.
|
|---|
| 1652 | * Command Variables:: Variables for specifying commands.
|
|---|
| 1653 | * DESTDIR:: Supporting staged installs.
|
|---|
| 1654 | * Directory Variables:: Variables for installation directories.
|
|---|
| 1655 | * Standard Targets:: Standard targets for users.
|
|---|
| 1656 | * Install Command Categories:: Three categories of commands in the `install'
|
|---|
| 1657 | rule: normal, pre-install and post-install.
|
|---|
| 1658 |
|
|---|
| 1659 |
|
|---|
| 1660 | File: make.info, Node: Makefile Basics, Next: Utilities in Makefiles, Up: Makefile Conventions
|
|---|
| 1661 |
|
|---|
| 1662 | 14.1 General Conventions for Makefiles
|
|---|
| 1663 | ======================================
|
|---|
| 1664 |
|
|---|
| 1665 | Every Makefile should contain this line:
|
|---|
| 1666 |
|
|---|
| 1667 | SHELL = /bin/sh
|
|---|
| 1668 |
|
|---|
| 1669 | to avoid trouble on systems where the `SHELL' variable might be
|
|---|
| 1670 | inherited from the environment. (This is never a problem with GNU
|
|---|
| 1671 | `make'.)
|
|---|
| 1672 |
|
|---|
| 1673 | Different `make' programs have incompatible suffix lists and
|
|---|
| 1674 | implicit rules, and this sometimes creates confusion or misbehavior. So
|
|---|
| 1675 | it is a good idea to set the suffix list explicitly using only the
|
|---|
| 1676 | suffixes you need in the particular Makefile, like this:
|
|---|
| 1677 |
|
|---|
| 1678 | .SUFFIXES:
|
|---|
| 1679 | .SUFFIXES: .c .o
|
|---|
| 1680 |
|
|---|
| 1681 | The first line clears out the suffix list, the second introduces all
|
|---|
| 1682 | suffixes which may be subject to implicit rules in this Makefile.
|
|---|
| 1683 |
|
|---|
| 1684 | Don't assume that `.' is in the path for command execution. When
|
|---|
| 1685 | you need to run programs that are a part of your package during the
|
|---|
| 1686 | make, please make sure that it uses `./' if the program is built as
|
|---|
| 1687 | part of the make or `$(srcdir)/' if the file is an unchanging part of
|
|---|
| 1688 | the source code. Without one of these prefixes, the current search
|
|---|
| 1689 | path is used.
|
|---|
| 1690 |
|
|---|
| 1691 | The distinction between `./' (the "build directory") and
|
|---|
| 1692 | `$(srcdir)/' (the "source directory") is important because users can
|
|---|
| 1693 | build in a separate directory using the `--srcdir' option to
|
|---|
| 1694 | `configure'. A rule of the form:
|
|---|
| 1695 |
|
|---|
| 1696 | foo.1 : foo.man sedscript
|
|---|
| 1697 | sed -f sedscript foo.man > foo.1
|
|---|
| 1698 |
|
|---|
| 1699 | will fail when the build directory is not the source directory, because
|
|---|
| 1700 | `foo.man' and `sedscript' are in the source directory.
|
|---|
| 1701 |
|
|---|
| 1702 | When using GNU `make', relying on `VPATH' to find the source file
|
|---|
| 1703 | will work in the case where there is a single dependency file, since
|
|---|
| 1704 | the `make' automatic variable `$<' will represent the source file
|
|---|
| 1705 | wherever it is. (Many versions of `make' set `$<' only in implicit
|
|---|
| 1706 | rules.) A Makefile target like
|
|---|
| 1707 |
|
|---|
| 1708 | foo.o : bar.c
|
|---|
| 1709 | $(CC) -I. -I$(srcdir) $(CFLAGS) -c bar.c -o foo.o
|
|---|
| 1710 |
|
|---|
| 1711 | should instead be written as
|
|---|
| 1712 |
|
|---|
| 1713 | foo.o : bar.c
|
|---|
| 1714 | $(CC) -I. -I$(srcdir) $(CFLAGS) -c $< -o $@
|
|---|
| 1715 |
|
|---|
| 1716 | in order to allow `VPATH' to work correctly. When the target has
|
|---|
| 1717 | multiple dependencies, using an explicit `$(srcdir)' is the easiest way
|
|---|
| 1718 | to make the rule work well. For example, the target above for `foo.1'
|
|---|
| 1719 | is best written as:
|
|---|
| 1720 |
|
|---|
| 1721 | foo.1 : foo.man sedscript
|
|---|
| 1722 | sed -f $(srcdir)/sedscript $(srcdir)/foo.man > $@
|
|---|
| 1723 |
|
|---|
| 1724 | GNU distributions usually contain some files which are not source
|
|---|
| 1725 | files--for example, Info files, and the output from Autoconf, Automake,
|
|---|
| 1726 | Bison or Flex. Since these files normally appear in the source
|
|---|
| 1727 | directory, they should always appear in the source directory, not in the
|
|---|
| 1728 | build directory. So Makefile rules to update them should put the
|
|---|
| 1729 | updated files in the source directory.
|
|---|
| 1730 |
|
|---|
| 1731 | However, if a file does not appear in the distribution, then the
|
|---|
| 1732 | Makefile should not put it in the source directory, because building a
|
|---|
| 1733 | program in ordinary circumstances should not modify the source directory
|
|---|
| 1734 | in any way.
|
|---|
| 1735 |
|
|---|
| 1736 | Try to make the build and installation targets, at least (and all
|
|---|
| 1737 | their subtargets) work correctly with a parallel `make'.
|
|---|
| 1738 |
|
|---|
| 1739 |
|
|---|
| 1740 | File: make.info, Node: Utilities in Makefiles, Next: Command Variables, Prev: Makefile Basics, Up: Makefile Conventions
|
|---|
| 1741 |
|
|---|
| 1742 | 14.2 Utilities in Makefiles
|
|---|
| 1743 | ===========================
|
|---|
| 1744 |
|
|---|
| 1745 | Write the Makefile commands (and any shell scripts, such as
|
|---|
| 1746 | `configure') to run under `sh' (both the traditional Bourne shell and
|
|---|
| 1747 | the POSIX shell), not `csh'. Don't use any special features of `ksh'
|
|---|
| 1748 | or `bash', or POSIX features not widely supported in traditional Bourne
|
|---|
| 1749 | `sh'.
|
|---|
| 1750 |
|
|---|
| 1751 | The `configure' script and the Makefile rules for building and
|
|---|
| 1752 | installation should not use any utilities directly except these:
|
|---|
| 1753 |
|
|---|
| 1754 | awk cat cmp cp diff echo egrep expr false grep install-info ln ls
|
|---|
| 1755 | mkdir mv printf pwd rm rmdir sed sleep sort tar test touch tr true
|
|---|
| 1756 |
|
|---|
| 1757 | Compression programs such as `gzip' can be used in the `dist' rule.
|
|---|
| 1758 |
|
|---|
| 1759 | Generally, stick to the widely-supported (usually POSIX-specified)
|
|---|
| 1760 | options and features of these programs. For example, don't use `mkdir
|
|---|
| 1761 | -p', convenient as it may be, because a few systems don't support it at
|
|---|
| 1762 | all and with others, it is not safe for parallel execution. For a list
|
|---|
| 1763 | of known incompatibilities, see *note Portable Shell Programming:
|
|---|
| 1764 | (autoconf)Portable Shell.
|
|---|
| 1765 |
|
|---|
| 1766 | It is a good idea to avoid creating symbolic links in makefiles,
|
|---|
| 1767 | since a few file systems don't support them.
|
|---|
| 1768 |
|
|---|
| 1769 | The Makefile rules for building and installation can also use
|
|---|
| 1770 | compilers and related programs, but should do so via `make' variables
|
|---|
| 1771 | so that the user can substitute alternatives. Here are some of the
|
|---|
| 1772 | programs we mean:
|
|---|
| 1773 |
|
|---|
| 1774 | ar bison cc flex install ld ldconfig lex
|
|---|
| 1775 | make makeinfo ranlib texi2dvi yacc
|
|---|
| 1776 |
|
|---|
| 1777 | Use the following `make' variables to run those programs:
|
|---|
| 1778 |
|
|---|
| 1779 | $(AR) $(BISON) $(CC) $(FLEX) $(INSTALL) $(LD) $(LDCONFIG) $(LEX)
|
|---|
| 1780 | $(MAKE) $(MAKEINFO) $(RANLIB) $(TEXI2DVI) $(YACC)
|
|---|
| 1781 |
|
|---|
| 1782 | When you use `ranlib' or `ldconfig', you should make sure nothing
|
|---|
| 1783 | bad happens if the system does not have the program in question.
|
|---|
| 1784 | Arrange to ignore an error from that command, and print a message before
|
|---|
| 1785 | the command to tell the user that failure of this command does not mean
|
|---|
| 1786 | a problem. (The Autoconf `AC_PROG_RANLIB' macro can help with this.)
|
|---|
| 1787 |
|
|---|
| 1788 | If you use symbolic links, you should implement a fallback for
|
|---|
| 1789 | systems that don't have symbolic links.
|
|---|
| 1790 |
|
|---|
| 1791 | Additional utilities that can be used via Make variables are:
|
|---|
| 1792 |
|
|---|
| 1793 | chgrp chmod chown mknod
|
|---|
| 1794 |
|
|---|
| 1795 | It is ok to use other utilities in Makefile portions (or scripts)
|
|---|
| 1796 | intended only for particular systems where you know those utilities
|
|---|
| 1797 | exist.
|
|---|
| 1798 |
|
|---|
| 1799 |
|
|---|
| 1800 | File: make.info, Node: Command Variables, Next: DESTDIR, Prev: Utilities in Makefiles, Up: Makefile Conventions
|
|---|
| 1801 |
|
|---|
| 1802 | 14.3 Variables for Specifying Commands
|
|---|
| 1803 | ======================================
|
|---|
| 1804 |
|
|---|
| 1805 | Makefiles should provide variables for overriding certain commands,
|
|---|
| 1806 | options, and so on.
|
|---|
| 1807 |
|
|---|
| 1808 | In particular, you should run most utility programs via variables.
|
|---|
| 1809 | Thus, if you use Bison, have a variable named `BISON' whose default
|
|---|
| 1810 | value is set with `BISON = bison', and refer to it with `$(BISON)'
|
|---|
| 1811 | whenever you need to use Bison.
|
|---|
| 1812 |
|
|---|
| 1813 | File management utilities such as `ln', `rm', `mv', and so on, need
|
|---|
| 1814 | not be referred to through variables in this way, since users don't
|
|---|
| 1815 | need to replace them with other programs.
|
|---|
| 1816 |
|
|---|
| 1817 | Each program-name variable should come with an options variable that
|
|---|
| 1818 | is used to supply options to the program. Append `FLAGS' to the
|
|---|
| 1819 | program-name variable name to get the options variable name--for
|
|---|
| 1820 | example, `BISONFLAGS'. (The names `CFLAGS' for the C compiler,
|
|---|
| 1821 | `YFLAGS' for yacc, and `LFLAGS' for lex, are exceptions to this rule,
|
|---|
| 1822 | but we keep them because they are standard.) Use `CPPFLAGS' in any
|
|---|
| 1823 | compilation command that runs the preprocessor, and use `LDFLAGS' in
|
|---|
| 1824 | any compilation command that does linking as well as in any direct use
|
|---|
| 1825 | of `ld'.
|
|---|
| 1826 |
|
|---|
| 1827 | If there are C compiler options that _must_ be used for proper
|
|---|
| 1828 | compilation of certain files, do not include them in `CFLAGS'. Users
|
|---|
| 1829 | expect to be able to specify `CFLAGS' freely themselves. Instead,
|
|---|
| 1830 | arrange to pass the necessary options to the C compiler independently
|
|---|
| 1831 | of `CFLAGS', by writing them explicitly in the compilation commands or
|
|---|
| 1832 | by defining an implicit rule, like this:
|
|---|
| 1833 |
|
|---|
| 1834 | CFLAGS = -g
|
|---|
| 1835 | ALL_CFLAGS = -I. $(CFLAGS)
|
|---|
| 1836 | .c.o:
|
|---|
| 1837 | $(CC) -c $(CPPFLAGS) $(ALL_CFLAGS) $<
|
|---|
| 1838 |
|
|---|
| 1839 | Do include the `-g' option in `CFLAGS', because that is not
|
|---|
| 1840 | _required_ for proper compilation. You can consider it a default that
|
|---|
| 1841 | is only recommended. If the package is set up so that it is compiled
|
|---|
| 1842 | with GCC by default, then you might as well include `-O' in the default
|
|---|
| 1843 | value of `CFLAGS' as well.
|
|---|
| 1844 |
|
|---|
| 1845 | Put `CFLAGS' last in the compilation command, after other variables
|
|---|
| 1846 | containing compiler options, so the user can use `CFLAGS' to override
|
|---|
| 1847 | the others.
|
|---|
| 1848 |
|
|---|
| 1849 | `CFLAGS' should be used in every invocation of the C compiler, both
|
|---|
| 1850 | those which do compilation and those which do linking.
|
|---|
| 1851 |
|
|---|
| 1852 | Every Makefile should define the variable `INSTALL', which is the
|
|---|
| 1853 | basic command for installing a file into the system.
|
|---|
| 1854 |
|
|---|
| 1855 | Every Makefile should also define the variables `INSTALL_PROGRAM'
|
|---|
| 1856 | and `INSTALL_DATA'. (The default for `INSTALL_PROGRAM' should be
|
|---|
| 1857 | `$(INSTALL)'; the default for `INSTALL_DATA' should be `${INSTALL} -m
|
|---|
| 1858 | 644'.) Then it should use those variables as the commands for actual
|
|---|
| 1859 | installation, for executables and non-executables respectively.
|
|---|
| 1860 | Minimal use of these variables is as follows:
|
|---|
| 1861 |
|
|---|
| 1862 | $(INSTALL_PROGRAM) foo $(bindir)/foo
|
|---|
| 1863 | $(INSTALL_DATA) libfoo.a $(libdir)/libfoo.a
|
|---|
| 1864 |
|
|---|
| 1865 | However, it is preferable to support a `DESTDIR' prefix on the
|
|---|
| 1866 | target files, as explained in the next section.
|
|---|
| 1867 |
|
|---|
| 1868 | It is acceptable, but not required, to install multiple files in one
|
|---|
| 1869 | command, with the final argument being a directory, as in:
|
|---|
| 1870 |
|
|---|
| 1871 | $(INSTALL_PROGRAM) foo bar baz $(bindir)
|
|---|
| 1872 |
|
|---|
| 1873 |
|
|---|
| 1874 | File: make.info, Node: DESTDIR, Next: Directory Variables, Prev: Command Variables, Up: Makefile Conventions
|
|---|
| 1875 |
|
|---|
| 1876 | 14.4 `DESTDIR': Support for Staged Installs
|
|---|
| 1877 | ===========================================
|
|---|
| 1878 |
|
|---|
| 1879 | `DESTDIR' is a variable prepended to each installed target file, like
|
|---|
| 1880 | this:
|
|---|
| 1881 |
|
|---|
| 1882 | $(INSTALL_PROGRAM) foo $(DESTDIR)$(bindir)/foo
|
|---|
| 1883 | $(INSTALL_DATA) libfoo.a $(DESTDIR)$(libdir)/libfoo.a
|
|---|
| 1884 |
|
|---|
| 1885 | The `DESTDIR' variable is specified by the user on the `make'
|
|---|
| 1886 | command line as an absolute file name. For example:
|
|---|
| 1887 |
|
|---|
| 1888 | make DESTDIR=/tmp/stage install
|
|---|
| 1889 |
|
|---|
| 1890 | `DESTDIR' should be supported only in the `install*' and `uninstall*'
|
|---|
| 1891 | targets, as those are the only targets where it is useful.
|
|---|
| 1892 |
|
|---|
| 1893 | If your installation step would normally install
|
|---|
| 1894 | `/usr/local/bin/foo' and `/usr/local/lib/libfoo.a', then an
|
|---|
| 1895 | installation invoked as in the example above would install
|
|---|
| 1896 | `/tmp/stage/usr/local/bin/foo' and `/tmp/stage/usr/local/lib/libfoo.a'
|
|---|
| 1897 | instead.
|
|---|
| 1898 |
|
|---|
| 1899 | Prepending the variable `DESTDIR' to each target in this way
|
|---|
| 1900 | provides for "staged installs", where the installed files are not
|
|---|
| 1901 | placed directly into their expected location but are instead copied
|
|---|
| 1902 | into a temporary location (`DESTDIR'). However, installed files
|
|---|
| 1903 | maintain their relative directory structure and any embedded file names
|
|---|
| 1904 | will not be modified.
|
|---|
| 1905 |
|
|---|
| 1906 | You should not set the value of `DESTDIR' in your `Makefile' at all;
|
|---|
| 1907 | then the files are installed into their expected locations by default.
|
|---|
| 1908 | Also, specifying `DESTDIR' should not change the operation of the
|
|---|
| 1909 | software in any way, so its value should not be included in any file
|
|---|
| 1910 | contents.
|
|---|
| 1911 |
|
|---|
| 1912 | `DESTDIR' support is commonly used in package creation. It is also
|
|---|
| 1913 | helpful to users who want to understand what a given package will
|
|---|
| 1914 | install where, and to allow users who don't normally have permissions
|
|---|
| 1915 | to install into protected areas to build and install before gaining
|
|---|
| 1916 | those permissions. Finally, it can be useful with tools such as
|
|---|
| 1917 | `stow', where code is installed in one place but made to appear to be
|
|---|
| 1918 | installed somewhere else using symbolic links or special mount
|
|---|
| 1919 | operations. So, we strongly recommend GNU packages support `DESTDIR',
|
|---|
| 1920 | though it is not an absolute requirement.
|
|---|
| 1921 |
|
|---|
| 1922 |
|
|---|
| 1923 | File: make.info, Node: Directory Variables, Next: Standard Targets, Prev: DESTDIR, Up: Makefile Conventions
|
|---|
| 1924 |
|
|---|
| 1925 | 14.5 Variables for Installation Directories
|
|---|
| 1926 | ===========================================
|
|---|
| 1927 |
|
|---|
| 1928 | Installation directories should always be named by variables, so it is
|
|---|
| 1929 | easy to install in a nonstandard place. The standard names for these
|
|---|
| 1930 | variables and the values they should have in GNU packages are described
|
|---|
| 1931 | below. They are based on a standard file system layout; variants of it
|
|---|
| 1932 | are used in GNU/Linux and other modern operating systems.
|
|---|
| 1933 |
|
|---|
| 1934 | Installers are expected to override these values when calling `make'
|
|---|
| 1935 | (e.g., `make prefix=/usr install' or `configure' (e.g., `configure
|
|---|
| 1936 | --prefix=/usr'). GNU packages should not try to guess which value
|
|---|
| 1937 | should be appropriate for these variables on the system they are being
|
|---|
| 1938 | installed onto: use the default settings specified here so that all GNU
|
|---|
| 1939 | packages behave identically, allowing the installer to achieve any
|
|---|
| 1940 | desired layout.
|
|---|
| 1941 |
|
|---|
| 1942 | All installation directories, and their parent directories, should be
|
|---|
| 1943 | created (if necessary) before they are installed into.
|
|---|
| 1944 |
|
|---|
| 1945 | These first two variables set the root for the installation. All the
|
|---|
| 1946 | other installation directories should be subdirectories of one of these
|
|---|
| 1947 | two, and nothing should be directly installed into these two
|
|---|
| 1948 | directories.
|
|---|
| 1949 |
|
|---|
| 1950 | `prefix'
|
|---|
| 1951 | A prefix used in constructing the default values of the variables
|
|---|
| 1952 | listed below. The default value of `prefix' should be
|
|---|
| 1953 | `/usr/local'. When building the complete GNU system, the prefix
|
|---|
| 1954 | will be empty and `/usr' will be a symbolic link to `/'. (If you
|
|---|
| 1955 | are using Autoconf, write it as `@prefix@'.)
|
|---|
| 1956 |
|
|---|
| 1957 | Running `make install' with a different value of `prefix' from the
|
|---|
| 1958 | one used to build the program should _not_ recompile the program.
|
|---|
| 1959 |
|
|---|
| 1960 | `exec_prefix'
|
|---|
| 1961 | A prefix used in constructing the default values of some of the
|
|---|
| 1962 | variables listed below. The default value of `exec_prefix' should
|
|---|
| 1963 | be `$(prefix)'. (If you are using Autoconf, write it as
|
|---|
| 1964 | `@exec_prefix@'.)
|
|---|
| 1965 |
|
|---|
| 1966 | Generally, `$(exec_prefix)' is used for directories that contain
|
|---|
| 1967 | machine-specific files (such as executables and subroutine
|
|---|
| 1968 | libraries), while `$(prefix)' is used directly for other
|
|---|
| 1969 | directories.
|
|---|
| 1970 |
|
|---|
| 1971 | Running `make install' with a different value of `exec_prefix'
|
|---|
| 1972 | from the one used to build the program should _not_ recompile the
|
|---|
| 1973 | program.
|
|---|
| 1974 |
|
|---|
| 1975 | Executable programs are installed in one of the following
|
|---|
| 1976 | directories.
|
|---|
| 1977 |
|
|---|
| 1978 | `bindir'
|
|---|
| 1979 | The directory for installing executable programs that users can
|
|---|
| 1980 | run. This should normally be `/usr/local/bin', but write it as
|
|---|
| 1981 | `$(exec_prefix)/bin'. (If you are using Autoconf, write it as
|
|---|
| 1982 | `@bindir@'.)
|
|---|
| 1983 |
|
|---|
| 1984 | `sbindir'
|
|---|
| 1985 | The directory for installing executable programs that can be run
|
|---|
| 1986 | from the shell, but are only generally useful to system
|
|---|
| 1987 | administrators. This should normally be `/usr/local/sbin', but
|
|---|
| 1988 | write it as `$(exec_prefix)/sbin'. (If you are using Autoconf,
|
|---|
| 1989 | write it as `@sbindir@'.)
|
|---|
| 1990 |
|
|---|
| 1991 | `libexecdir'
|
|---|
| 1992 | The directory for installing executable programs to be run by other
|
|---|
| 1993 | programs rather than by users. This directory should normally be
|
|---|
| 1994 | `/usr/local/libexec', but write it as `$(exec_prefix)/libexec'.
|
|---|
| 1995 | (If you are using Autoconf, write it as `@libexecdir@'.)
|
|---|
| 1996 |
|
|---|
| 1997 | The definition of `libexecdir' is the same for all packages, so
|
|---|
| 1998 | you should install your data in a subdirectory thereof. Most
|
|---|
| 1999 | packages install their data under `$(libexecdir)/PACKAGE-NAME/',
|
|---|
| 2000 | possibly within additional subdirectories thereof, such as
|
|---|
| 2001 | `$(libexecdir)/PACKAGE-NAME/MACHINE/VERSION'.
|
|---|
| 2002 |
|
|---|
| 2003 | Data files used by the program during its execution are divided into
|
|---|
| 2004 | categories in two ways.
|
|---|
| 2005 |
|
|---|
| 2006 | * Some files are normally modified by programs; others are never
|
|---|
| 2007 | normally modified (though users may edit some of these).
|
|---|
| 2008 |
|
|---|
| 2009 | * Some files are architecture-independent and can be shared by all
|
|---|
| 2010 | machines at a site; some are architecture-dependent and can be
|
|---|
| 2011 | shared only by machines of the same kind and operating system;
|
|---|
| 2012 | others may never be shared between two machines.
|
|---|
| 2013 |
|
|---|
| 2014 | This makes for six different possibilities. However, we want to
|
|---|
| 2015 | discourage the use of architecture-dependent files, aside from object
|
|---|
| 2016 | files and libraries. It is much cleaner to make other data files
|
|---|
| 2017 | architecture-independent, and it is generally not hard.
|
|---|
| 2018 |
|
|---|
| 2019 | Here are the variables Makefiles should use to specify directories
|
|---|
| 2020 | to put these various kinds of files in:
|
|---|
| 2021 |
|
|---|
| 2022 | `datarootdir'
|
|---|
| 2023 | The root of the directory tree for read-only
|
|---|
| 2024 | architecture-independent data files. This should normally be
|
|---|
| 2025 | `/usr/local/share', but write it as `$(prefix)/share'. (If you
|
|---|
| 2026 | are using Autoconf, write it as `@datarootdir@'.) `datadir''s
|
|---|
| 2027 | default value is based on this variable; so are `infodir',
|
|---|
| 2028 | `mandir', and others.
|
|---|
| 2029 |
|
|---|
| 2030 | `datadir'
|
|---|
| 2031 | The directory for installing idiosyncratic read-only
|
|---|
| 2032 | architecture-independent data files for this program. This is
|
|---|
| 2033 | usually the same place as `datarootdir', but we use the two
|
|---|
| 2034 | separate variables so that you can move these program-specific
|
|---|
| 2035 | files without altering the location for Info files, man pages, etc.
|
|---|
| 2036 |
|
|---|
| 2037 | This should normally be `/usr/local/share', but write it as
|
|---|
| 2038 | `$(datarootdir)'. (If you are using Autoconf, write it as
|
|---|
| 2039 | `@datadir@'.)
|
|---|
| 2040 |
|
|---|
| 2041 | The definition of `datadir' is the same for all packages, so you
|
|---|
| 2042 | should install your data in a subdirectory thereof. Most packages
|
|---|
| 2043 | install their data under `$(datadir)/PACKAGE-NAME/'.
|
|---|
| 2044 |
|
|---|
| 2045 | `sysconfdir'
|
|---|
| 2046 | The directory for installing read-only data files that pertain to a
|
|---|
| 2047 | single machine-that is to say, files for configuring a host.
|
|---|
| 2048 | Mailer and network configuration files, `/etc/passwd', and so
|
|---|
| 2049 | forth belong here. All the files in this directory should be
|
|---|
| 2050 | ordinary ASCII text files. This directory should normally be
|
|---|
| 2051 | `/usr/local/etc', but write it as `$(prefix)/etc'. (If you are
|
|---|
| 2052 | using Autoconf, write it as `@sysconfdir@'.)
|
|---|
| 2053 |
|
|---|
| 2054 | Do not install executables here in this directory (they probably
|
|---|
| 2055 | belong in `$(libexecdir)' or `$(sbindir)'). Also do not install
|
|---|
| 2056 | files that are modified in the normal course of their use (programs
|
|---|
| 2057 | whose purpose is to change the configuration of the system
|
|---|
| 2058 | excluded). Those probably belong in `$(localstatedir)'.
|
|---|
| 2059 |
|
|---|
| 2060 | `sharedstatedir'
|
|---|
| 2061 | The directory for installing architecture-independent data files
|
|---|
| 2062 | which the programs modify while they run. This should normally be
|
|---|
| 2063 | `/usr/local/com', but write it as `$(prefix)/com'. (If you are
|
|---|
| 2064 | using Autoconf, write it as `@sharedstatedir@'.)
|
|---|
| 2065 |
|
|---|
| 2066 | `localstatedir'
|
|---|
| 2067 | The directory for installing data files which the programs modify
|
|---|
| 2068 | while they run, and that pertain to one specific machine. Users
|
|---|
| 2069 | should never need to modify files in this directory to configure
|
|---|
| 2070 | the package's operation; put such configuration information in
|
|---|
| 2071 | separate files that go in `$(datadir)' or `$(sysconfdir)'.
|
|---|
| 2072 | `$(localstatedir)' should normally be `/usr/local/var', but write
|
|---|
| 2073 | it as `$(prefix)/var'. (If you are using Autoconf, write it as
|
|---|
| 2074 | `@localstatedir@'.)
|
|---|
| 2075 |
|
|---|
| 2076 | These variables specify the directory for installing certain specific
|
|---|
| 2077 | types of files, if your program has them. Every GNU package should
|
|---|
| 2078 | have Info files, so every program needs `infodir', but not all need
|
|---|
| 2079 | `libdir' or `lispdir'.
|
|---|
| 2080 |
|
|---|
| 2081 | `includedir'
|
|---|
| 2082 | The directory for installing header files to be included by user
|
|---|
| 2083 | programs with the C `#include' preprocessor directive. This
|
|---|
| 2084 | should normally be `/usr/local/include', but write it as
|
|---|
| 2085 | `$(prefix)/include'. (If you are using Autoconf, write it as
|
|---|
| 2086 | `@includedir@'.)
|
|---|
| 2087 |
|
|---|
| 2088 | Most compilers other than GCC do not look for header files in
|
|---|
| 2089 | directory `/usr/local/include'. So installing the header files
|
|---|
| 2090 | this way is only useful with GCC. Sometimes this is not a problem
|
|---|
| 2091 | because some libraries are only really intended to work with GCC.
|
|---|
| 2092 | But some libraries are intended to work with other compilers.
|
|---|
| 2093 | They should install their header files in two places, one
|
|---|
| 2094 | specified by `includedir' and one specified by `oldincludedir'.
|
|---|
| 2095 |
|
|---|
| 2096 | `oldincludedir'
|
|---|
| 2097 | The directory for installing `#include' header files for use with
|
|---|
| 2098 | compilers other than GCC. This should normally be `/usr/include'.
|
|---|
| 2099 | (If you are using Autoconf, you can write it as `@oldincludedir@'.)
|
|---|
| 2100 |
|
|---|
| 2101 | The Makefile commands should check whether the value of
|
|---|
| 2102 | `oldincludedir' is empty. If it is, they should not try to use
|
|---|
| 2103 | it; they should cancel the second installation of the header files.
|
|---|
| 2104 |
|
|---|
| 2105 | A package should not replace an existing header in this directory
|
|---|
| 2106 | unless the header came from the same package. Thus, if your Foo
|
|---|
| 2107 | package provides a header file `foo.h', then it should install the
|
|---|
| 2108 | header file in the `oldincludedir' directory if either (1) there
|
|---|
| 2109 | is no `foo.h' there or (2) the `foo.h' that exists came from the
|
|---|
| 2110 | Foo package.
|
|---|
| 2111 |
|
|---|
| 2112 | To tell whether `foo.h' came from the Foo package, put a magic
|
|---|
| 2113 | string in the file--part of a comment--and `grep' for that string.
|
|---|
| 2114 |
|
|---|
| 2115 | `docdir'
|
|---|
| 2116 | The directory for installing documentation files (other than Info)
|
|---|
| 2117 | for this package. By default, it should be
|
|---|
| 2118 | `/usr/local/share/doc/YOURPKG', but it should be written as
|
|---|
| 2119 | `$(datarootdir)/doc/YOURPKG'. (If you are using Autoconf, write
|
|---|
| 2120 | it as `@docdir@'.) The YOURPKG subdirectory, which may include a
|
|---|
| 2121 | version number, prevents collisions among files with common names,
|
|---|
| 2122 | such as `README'.
|
|---|
| 2123 |
|
|---|
| 2124 | `infodir'
|
|---|
| 2125 | The directory for installing the Info files for this package. By
|
|---|
| 2126 | default, it should be `/usr/local/share/info', but it should be
|
|---|
| 2127 | written as `$(datarootdir)/info'. (If you are using Autoconf,
|
|---|
| 2128 | write it as `@infodir@'.) `infodir' is separate from `docdir' for
|
|---|
| 2129 | compatibility with existing practice.
|
|---|
| 2130 |
|
|---|
| 2131 | `htmldir'
|
|---|
| 2132 | `dvidir'
|
|---|
| 2133 | `pdfdir'
|
|---|
| 2134 | `psdir'
|
|---|
| 2135 | Directories for installing documentation files in the particular
|
|---|
| 2136 | format. They should all be set to `$(docdir)' by default. (If
|
|---|
| 2137 | you are using Autoconf, write them as `@htmldir@', `@dvidir@',
|
|---|
| 2138 | etc.) Packages which supply several translations of their
|
|---|
| 2139 | documentation should install them in `$(htmldir)/'LL,
|
|---|
| 2140 | `$(pdfdir)/'LL, etc. where LL is a locale abbreviation such as
|
|---|
| 2141 | `en' or `pt_BR'.
|
|---|
| 2142 |
|
|---|
| 2143 | `libdir'
|
|---|
| 2144 | The directory for object files and libraries of object code. Do
|
|---|
| 2145 | not install executables here, they probably ought to go in
|
|---|
| 2146 | `$(libexecdir)' instead. The value of `libdir' should normally be
|
|---|
| 2147 | `/usr/local/lib', but write it as `$(exec_prefix)/lib'. (If you
|
|---|
| 2148 | are using Autoconf, write it as `@libdir@'.)
|
|---|
| 2149 |
|
|---|
| 2150 | `lispdir'
|
|---|
| 2151 | The directory for installing any Emacs Lisp files in this package.
|
|---|
| 2152 | By default, it should be `/usr/local/share/emacs/site-lisp', but it
|
|---|
| 2153 | should be written as `$(datarootdir)/emacs/site-lisp'.
|
|---|
| 2154 |
|
|---|
| 2155 | If you are using Autoconf, write the default as `@lispdir@'. In
|
|---|
| 2156 | order to make `@lispdir@' work, you need the following lines in
|
|---|
| 2157 | your `configure.in' file:
|
|---|
| 2158 |
|
|---|
| 2159 | lispdir='${datarootdir}/emacs/site-lisp'
|
|---|
| 2160 | AC_SUBST(lispdir)
|
|---|
| 2161 |
|
|---|
| 2162 | `localedir'
|
|---|
| 2163 | The directory for installing locale-specific message catalogs for
|
|---|
| 2164 | this package. By default, it should be `/usr/local/share/locale',
|
|---|
| 2165 | but it should be written as `$(datarootdir)/locale'. (If you are
|
|---|
| 2166 | using Autoconf, write it as `@localedir@'.) This directory
|
|---|
| 2167 | usually has a subdirectory per locale.
|
|---|
| 2168 |
|
|---|
| 2169 | Unix-style man pages are installed in one of the following:
|
|---|
| 2170 |
|
|---|
| 2171 | `mandir'
|
|---|
| 2172 | The top-level directory for installing the man pages (if any) for
|
|---|
| 2173 | this package. It will normally be `/usr/local/share/man', but you
|
|---|
| 2174 | should write it as `$(datarootdir)/man'. (If you are using
|
|---|
| 2175 | Autoconf, write it as `@mandir@'.)
|
|---|
| 2176 |
|
|---|
| 2177 | `man1dir'
|
|---|
| 2178 | The directory for installing section 1 man pages. Write it as
|
|---|
| 2179 | `$(mandir)/man1'.
|
|---|
| 2180 |
|
|---|
| 2181 | `man2dir'
|
|---|
| 2182 | The directory for installing section 2 man pages. Write it as
|
|---|
| 2183 | `$(mandir)/man2'
|
|---|
| 2184 |
|
|---|
| 2185 | `...'
|
|---|
| 2186 | *Don't make the primary documentation for any GNU software be a
|
|---|
| 2187 | man page. Write a manual in Texinfo instead. Man pages are just
|
|---|
| 2188 | for the sake of people running GNU software on Unix, which is a
|
|---|
| 2189 | secondary application only.*
|
|---|
| 2190 |
|
|---|
| 2191 | `manext'
|
|---|
| 2192 | The file name extension for the installed man page. This should
|
|---|
| 2193 | contain a period followed by the appropriate digit; it should
|
|---|
| 2194 | normally be `.1'.
|
|---|
| 2195 |
|
|---|
| 2196 | `man1ext'
|
|---|
| 2197 | The file name extension for installed section 1 man pages.
|
|---|
| 2198 |
|
|---|
| 2199 | `man2ext'
|
|---|
| 2200 | The file name extension for installed section 2 man pages.
|
|---|
| 2201 |
|
|---|
| 2202 | `...'
|
|---|
| 2203 | Use these names instead of `manext' if the package needs to
|
|---|
| 2204 | install man pages in more than one section of the manual.
|
|---|
| 2205 |
|
|---|
| 2206 | And finally, you should set the following variable:
|
|---|
| 2207 |
|
|---|
| 2208 | `srcdir'
|
|---|
| 2209 | The directory for the sources being compiled. The value of this
|
|---|
| 2210 | variable is normally inserted by the `configure' shell script.
|
|---|
| 2211 | (If you are using Autoconf, use `srcdir = @srcdir@'.)
|
|---|
| 2212 |
|
|---|
| 2213 | For example:
|
|---|
| 2214 |
|
|---|
| 2215 | # Common prefix for installation directories.
|
|---|
| 2216 | # NOTE: This directory must exist when you start the install.
|
|---|
| 2217 | prefix = /usr/local
|
|---|
| 2218 | datarootdir = $(prefix)/share
|
|---|
| 2219 | datadir = $(datarootdir)
|
|---|
| 2220 | exec_prefix = $(prefix)
|
|---|
| 2221 | # Where to put the executable for the command `gcc'.
|
|---|
| 2222 | bindir = $(exec_prefix)/bin
|
|---|
| 2223 | # Where to put the directories used by the compiler.
|
|---|
| 2224 | libexecdir = $(exec_prefix)/libexec
|
|---|
| 2225 | # Where to put the Info files.
|
|---|
| 2226 | infodir = $(datarootdir)/info
|
|---|
| 2227 |
|
|---|
| 2228 | If your program installs a large number of files into one of the
|
|---|
| 2229 | standard user-specified directories, it might be useful to group them
|
|---|
| 2230 | into a subdirectory particular to that program. If you do this, you
|
|---|
| 2231 | should write the `install' rule to create these subdirectories.
|
|---|
| 2232 |
|
|---|
| 2233 | Do not expect the user to include the subdirectory name in the value
|
|---|
| 2234 | of any of the variables listed above. The idea of having a uniform set
|
|---|
| 2235 | of variable names for installation directories is to enable the user to
|
|---|
| 2236 | specify the exact same values for several different GNU packages. In
|
|---|
| 2237 | order for this to be useful, all the packages must be designed so that
|
|---|
| 2238 | they will work sensibly when the user does so.
|
|---|
| 2239 |
|
|---|
| 2240 | At times, not all of these variables may be implemented in the
|
|---|
| 2241 | current release of Autoconf and/or Automake; but as of Autoconf 2.60, we
|
|---|
| 2242 | believe all of them are. When any are missing, the descriptions here
|
|---|
| 2243 | serve as specifications for what Autoconf will implement. As a
|
|---|
| 2244 | programmer, you can either use a development version of Autoconf or
|
|---|
| 2245 | avoid using these variables until a stable release is made which
|
|---|
| 2246 | supports them.
|
|---|
| 2247 |
|
|---|
| 2248 |
|
|---|
| 2249 | File: make.info, Node: Standard Targets, Next: Install Command Categories, Prev: Directory Variables, Up: Makefile Conventions
|
|---|
| 2250 |
|
|---|
| 2251 | 14.6 Standard Targets for Users
|
|---|
| 2252 | ===============================
|
|---|
| 2253 |
|
|---|
| 2254 | All GNU programs should have the following targets in their Makefiles:
|
|---|
| 2255 |
|
|---|
| 2256 | `all'
|
|---|
| 2257 | Compile the entire program. This should be the default target.
|
|---|
| 2258 | This target need not rebuild any documentation files; Info files
|
|---|
| 2259 | should normally be included in the distribution, and DVI (and other
|
|---|
| 2260 | documentation format) files should be made only when explicitly
|
|---|
| 2261 | asked for.
|
|---|
| 2262 |
|
|---|
| 2263 | By default, the Make rules should compile and link with `-g', so
|
|---|
| 2264 | that executable programs have debugging symbols. Users who don't
|
|---|
| 2265 | mind being helpless can strip the executables later if they wish.
|
|---|
| 2266 |
|
|---|
| 2267 | `install'
|
|---|
| 2268 | Compile the program and copy the executables, libraries, and so on
|
|---|
| 2269 | to the file names where they should reside for actual use. If
|
|---|
| 2270 | there is a simple test to verify that a program is properly
|
|---|
| 2271 | installed, this target should run that test.
|
|---|
| 2272 |
|
|---|
| 2273 | Do not strip executables when installing them. Devil-may-care
|
|---|
| 2274 | users can use the `install-strip' target to do that.
|
|---|
| 2275 |
|
|---|
| 2276 | If possible, write the `install' target rule so that it does not
|
|---|
| 2277 | modify anything in the directory where the program was built,
|
|---|
| 2278 | provided `make all' has just been done. This is convenient for
|
|---|
| 2279 | building the program under one user name and installing it under
|
|---|
| 2280 | another.
|
|---|
| 2281 |
|
|---|
| 2282 | The commands should create all the directories in which files are
|
|---|
| 2283 | to be installed, if they don't already exist. This includes the
|
|---|
| 2284 | directories specified as the values of the variables `prefix' and
|
|---|
| 2285 | `exec_prefix', as well as all subdirectories that are needed. One
|
|---|
| 2286 | way to do this is by means of an `installdirs' target as described
|
|---|
| 2287 | below.
|
|---|
| 2288 |
|
|---|
| 2289 | Use `-' before any command for installing a man page, so that
|
|---|
| 2290 | `make' will ignore any errors. This is in case there are systems
|
|---|
| 2291 | that don't have the Unix man page documentation system installed.
|
|---|
| 2292 |
|
|---|
| 2293 | The way to install Info files is to copy them into `$(infodir)'
|
|---|
| 2294 | with `$(INSTALL_DATA)' (*note Command Variables::), and then run
|
|---|
| 2295 | the `install-info' program if it is present. `install-info' is a
|
|---|
| 2296 | program that edits the Info `dir' file to add or update the menu
|
|---|
| 2297 | entry for the given Info file; it is part of the Texinfo package.
|
|---|
| 2298 |
|
|---|
| 2299 | Here is a sample rule to install an Info file that also tries to
|
|---|
| 2300 | handle some additional situations, such as `install-info' not
|
|---|
| 2301 | being present.
|
|---|
| 2302 |
|
|---|
| 2303 | do-install-info: foo.info installdirs
|
|---|
| 2304 | $(NORMAL_INSTALL)
|
|---|
| 2305 | # Prefer an info file in . to one in srcdir.
|
|---|
| 2306 | if test -f foo.info; then d=.; \
|
|---|
| 2307 | else d="$(srcdir)"; fi; \
|
|---|
| 2308 | $(INSTALL_DATA) $$d/foo.info \
|
|---|
| 2309 | "$(DESTDIR)$(infodir)/foo.info"
|
|---|
| 2310 | # Run install-info only if it exists.
|
|---|
| 2311 | # Use `if' instead of just prepending `-' to the
|
|---|
| 2312 | # line so we notice real errors from install-info.
|
|---|
| 2313 | # Use `$(SHELL) -c' because some shells do not
|
|---|
| 2314 | # fail gracefully when there is an unknown command.
|
|---|
| 2315 | $(POST_INSTALL)
|
|---|
| 2316 | if $(SHELL) -c 'install-info --version' \
|
|---|
| 2317 | >/dev/null 2>&1; then \
|
|---|
| 2318 | install-info --dir-file="$(DESTDIR)$(infodir)/dir" \
|
|---|
| 2319 | "$(DESTDIR)$(infodir)/foo.info"; \
|
|---|
| 2320 | else true; fi
|
|---|
| 2321 |
|
|---|
| 2322 | When writing the `install' target, you must classify all the
|
|---|
| 2323 | commands into three categories: normal ones, "pre-installation"
|
|---|
| 2324 | commands and "post-installation" commands. *Note Install Command
|
|---|
| 2325 | Categories::.
|
|---|
| 2326 |
|
|---|
| 2327 | `install-html'
|
|---|
| 2328 | `install-dvi'
|
|---|
| 2329 | `install-pdf'
|
|---|
| 2330 | `install-ps'
|
|---|
| 2331 | These targets install documentation in formats other than Info;
|
|---|
| 2332 | they're intended to be called explicitly by the person installing
|
|---|
| 2333 | the package, if that format is desired. GNU prefers Info files,
|
|---|
| 2334 | so these must be installed by the `install' target.
|
|---|
| 2335 |
|
|---|
| 2336 | When you have many documentation files to install, we recommend
|
|---|
| 2337 | that you avoid collisions and clutter by arranging for these
|
|---|
| 2338 | targets to install in subdirectories of the appropriate
|
|---|
| 2339 | installation directory, such as `htmldir'. As one example, if
|
|---|
| 2340 | your package has multiple manuals, and you wish to install HTML
|
|---|
| 2341 | documentation with many files (such as the "split" mode output by
|
|---|
| 2342 | `makeinfo --html'), you'll certainly want to use subdirectories,
|
|---|
| 2343 | or two nodes with the same name in different manuals will
|
|---|
| 2344 | overwrite each other.
|
|---|
| 2345 |
|
|---|
| 2346 | Please make these `install-FORMAT' targets invoke the commands for
|
|---|
| 2347 | the FORMAT target, for example, by making FORMAT a dependency.
|
|---|
| 2348 |
|
|---|
| 2349 | `uninstall'
|
|---|
| 2350 | Delete all the installed files--the copies that the `install' and
|
|---|
| 2351 | `install-*' targets create.
|
|---|
| 2352 |
|
|---|
| 2353 | This rule should not modify the directories where compilation is
|
|---|
| 2354 | done, only the directories where files are installed.
|
|---|
| 2355 |
|
|---|
| 2356 | The uninstallation commands are divided into three categories,
|
|---|
| 2357 | just like the installation commands. *Note Install Command
|
|---|
| 2358 | Categories::.
|
|---|
| 2359 |
|
|---|
| 2360 | `install-strip'
|
|---|
| 2361 | Like `install', but strip the executable files while installing
|
|---|
| 2362 | them. In simple cases, this target can use the `install' target in
|
|---|
| 2363 | a simple way:
|
|---|
| 2364 |
|
|---|
| 2365 | install-strip:
|
|---|
| 2366 | $(MAKE) INSTALL_PROGRAM='$(INSTALL_PROGRAM) -s' \
|
|---|
| 2367 | install
|
|---|
| 2368 |
|
|---|
| 2369 | But if the package installs scripts as well as real executables,
|
|---|
| 2370 | the `install-strip' target can't just refer to the `install'
|
|---|
| 2371 | target; it has to strip the executables but not the scripts.
|
|---|
| 2372 |
|
|---|
| 2373 | `install-strip' should not strip the executables in the build
|
|---|
| 2374 | directory which are being copied for installation. It should only
|
|---|
| 2375 | strip the copies that are installed.
|
|---|
| 2376 |
|
|---|
| 2377 | Normally we do not recommend stripping an executable unless you
|
|---|
| 2378 | are sure the program has no bugs. However, it can be reasonable
|
|---|
| 2379 | to install a stripped executable for actual execution while saving
|
|---|
| 2380 | the unstripped executable elsewhere in case there is a bug.
|
|---|
| 2381 |
|
|---|
| 2382 | `clean'
|
|---|
| 2383 | Delete all files in the current directory that are normally
|
|---|
| 2384 | created by building the program. Also delete files in other
|
|---|
| 2385 | directories if they are created by this makefile. However, don't
|
|---|
| 2386 | delete the files that record the configuration. Also preserve
|
|---|
| 2387 | files that could be made by building, but normally aren't because
|
|---|
| 2388 | the distribution comes with them. There is no need to delete
|
|---|
| 2389 | parent directories that were created with `mkdir -p', since they
|
|---|
| 2390 | could have existed anyway.
|
|---|
| 2391 |
|
|---|
| 2392 | Delete `.dvi' files here if they are not part of the distribution.
|
|---|
| 2393 |
|
|---|
| 2394 | `distclean'
|
|---|
| 2395 | Delete all files in the current directory (or created by this
|
|---|
| 2396 | makefile) that are created by configuring or building the program.
|
|---|
| 2397 | If you have unpacked the source and built the program without
|
|---|
| 2398 | creating any other files, `make distclean' should leave only the
|
|---|
| 2399 | files that were in the distribution. However, there is no need to
|
|---|
| 2400 | delete parent directories that were created with `mkdir -p', since
|
|---|
| 2401 | they could have existed anyway.
|
|---|
| 2402 |
|
|---|
| 2403 | `mostlyclean'
|
|---|
| 2404 | Like `clean', but may refrain from deleting a few files that people
|
|---|
| 2405 | normally don't want to recompile. For example, the `mostlyclean'
|
|---|
| 2406 | target for GCC does not delete `libgcc.a', because recompiling it
|
|---|
| 2407 | is rarely necessary and takes a lot of time.
|
|---|
| 2408 |
|
|---|
| 2409 | `maintainer-clean'
|
|---|
| 2410 | Delete almost everything that can be reconstructed with this
|
|---|
| 2411 | Makefile. This typically includes everything deleted by
|
|---|
| 2412 | `distclean', plus more: C source files produced by Bison, tags
|
|---|
| 2413 | tables, Info files, and so on.
|
|---|
| 2414 |
|
|---|
| 2415 | The reason we say "almost everything" is that running the command
|
|---|
| 2416 | `make maintainer-clean' should not delete `configure' even if
|
|---|
| 2417 | `configure' can be remade using a rule in the Makefile. More
|
|---|
| 2418 | generally, `make maintainer-clean' should not delete anything that
|
|---|
| 2419 | needs to exist in order to run `configure' and then begin to build
|
|---|
| 2420 | the program. Also, there is no need to delete parent directories
|
|---|
| 2421 | that were created with `mkdir -p', since they could have existed
|
|---|
| 2422 | anyway. These are the only exceptions; `maintainer-clean' should
|
|---|
| 2423 | delete everything else that can be rebuilt.
|
|---|
| 2424 |
|
|---|
| 2425 | The `maintainer-clean' target is intended to be used by a
|
|---|
| 2426 | maintainer of the package, not by ordinary users. You may need
|
|---|
| 2427 | special tools to reconstruct some of the files that `make
|
|---|
| 2428 | maintainer-clean' deletes. Since these files are normally
|
|---|
| 2429 | included in the distribution, we don't take care to make them easy
|
|---|
| 2430 | to reconstruct. If you find you need to unpack the full
|
|---|
| 2431 | distribution again, don't blame us.
|
|---|
| 2432 |
|
|---|
| 2433 | To help make users aware of this, the commands for the special
|
|---|
| 2434 | `maintainer-clean' target should start with these two:
|
|---|
| 2435 |
|
|---|
| 2436 | @echo 'This command is intended for maintainers to use; it'
|
|---|
| 2437 | @echo 'deletes files that may need special tools to rebuild.'
|
|---|
| 2438 |
|
|---|
| 2439 | `TAGS'
|
|---|
| 2440 | Update a tags table for this program.
|
|---|
| 2441 |
|
|---|
| 2442 | `info'
|
|---|
| 2443 | Generate any Info files needed. The best way to write the rules
|
|---|
| 2444 | is as follows:
|
|---|
| 2445 |
|
|---|
| 2446 | info: foo.info
|
|---|
| 2447 |
|
|---|
| 2448 | foo.info: foo.texi chap1.texi chap2.texi
|
|---|
| 2449 | $(MAKEINFO) $(srcdir)/foo.texi
|
|---|
| 2450 |
|
|---|
| 2451 | You must define the variable `MAKEINFO' in the Makefile. It should
|
|---|
| 2452 | run the `makeinfo' program, which is part of the Texinfo
|
|---|
| 2453 | distribution.
|
|---|
| 2454 |
|
|---|
| 2455 | Normally a GNU distribution comes with Info files, and that means
|
|---|
| 2456 | the Info files are present in the source directory. Therefore,
|
|---|
| 2457 | the Make rule for an info file should update it in the source
|
|---|
| 2458 | directory. When users build the package, ordinarily Make will not
|
|---|
| 2459 | update the Info files because they will already be up to date.
|
|---|
| 2460 |
|
|---|
| 2461 | `dvi'
|
|---|
| 2462 | `html'
|
|---|
| 2463 | `pdf'
|
|---|
| 2464 | `ps'
|
|---|
| 2465 | Generate documentation files in the given format. These targets
|
|---|
| 2466 | should always exist, but any or all can be a no-op if the given
|
|---|
| 2467 | output format cannot be generated. These targets should not be
|
|---|
| 2468 | dependencies of the `all' target; the user must manually invoke
|
|---|
| 2469 | them.
|
|---|
| 2470 |
|
|---|
| 2471 | Here's an example rule for generating DVI files from Texinfo:
|
|---|
| 2472 |
|
|---|
| 2473 | dvi: foo.dvi
|
|---|
| 2474 |
|
|---|
| 2475 | foo.dvi: foo.texi chap1.texi chap2.texi
|
|---|
| 2476 | $(TEXI2DVI) $(srcdir)/foo.texi
|
|---|
| 2477 |
|
|---|
| 2478 | You must define the variable `TEXI2DVI' in the Makefile. It should
|
|---|
| 2479 | run the program `texi2dvi', which is part of the Texinfo
|
|---|
| 2480 | distribution.(1) Alternatively, write just the dependencies, and
|
|---|
| 2481 | allow GNU `make' to provide the command.
|
|---|
| 2482 |
|
|---|
| 2483 | Here's another example, this one for generating HTML from Texinfo:
|
|---|
| 2484 |
|
|---|
| 2485 | html: foo.html
|
|---|
| 2486 |
|
|---|
| 2487 | foo.html: foo.texi chap1.texi chap2.texi
|
|---|
| 2488 | $(TEXI2HTML) $(srcdir)/foo.texi
|
|---|
| 2489 |
|
|---|
| 2490 | Again, you would define the variable `TEXI2HTML' in the Makefile;
|
|---|
| 2491 | for example, it might run `makeinfo --no-split --html' (`makeinfo'
|
|---|
| 2492 | is part of the Texinfo distribution).
|
|---|
| 2493 |
|
|---|
| 2494 | `dist'
|
|---|
| 2495 | Create a distribution tar file for this program. The tar file
|
|---|
| 2496 | should be set up so that the file names in the tar file start with
|
|---|
| 2497 | a subdirectory name which is the name of the package it is a
|
|---|
| 2498 | distribution for. This name can include the version number.
|
|---|
| 2499 |
|
|---|
| 2500 | For example, the distribution tar file of GCC version 1.40 unpacks
|
|---|
| 2501 | into a subdirectory named `gcc-1.40'.
|
|---|
| 2502 |
|
|---|
| 2503 | The easiest way to do this is to create a subdirectory
|
|---|
| 2504 | appropriately named, use `ln' or `cp' to install the proper files
|
|---|
| 2505 | in it, and then `tar' that subdirectory.
|
|---|
| 2506 |
|
|---|
| 2507 | Compress the tar file with `gzip'. For example, the actual
|
|---|
| 2508 | distribution file for GCC version 1.40 is called `gcc-1.40.tar.gz'.
|
|---|
| 2509 | It is ok to support other free compression formats as well.
|
|---|
| 2510 |
|
|---|
| 2511 | The `dist' target should explicitly depend on all non-source files
|
|---|
| 2512 | that are in the distribution, to make sure they are up to date in
|
|---|
| 2513 | the distribution. *Note Making Releases: (standards)Releases.
|
|---|
| 2514 |
|
|---|
| 2515 | `check'
|
|---|
| 2516 | Perform self-tests (if any). The user must build the program
|
|---|
| 2517 | before running the tests, but need not install the program; you
|
|---|
| 2518 | should write the self-tests so that they work when the program is
|
|---|
| 2519 | built but not installed.
|
|---|
| 2520 |
|
|---|
| 2521 | The following targets are suggested as conventional names, for
|
|---|
| 2522 | programs in which they are useful.
|
|---|
| 2523 |
|
|---|
| 2524 | `installcheck'
|
|---|
| 2525 | Perform installation tests (if any). The user must build and
|
|---|
| 2526 | install the program before running the tests. You should not
|
|---|
| 2527 | assume that `$(bindir)' is in the search path.
|
|---|
| 2528 |
|
|---|
| 2529 | `installdirs'
|
|---|
| 2530 | It's useful to add a target named `installdirs' to create the
|
|---|
| 2531 | directories where files are installed, and their parent
|
|---|
| 2532 | directories. There is a script called `mkinstalldirs' which is
|
|---|
| 2533 | convenient for this; you can find it in the Gnulib package. You
|
|---|
| 2534 | can use a rule like this:
|
|---|
| 2535 |
|
|---|
| 2536 | # Make sure all installation directories (e.g. $(bindir))
|
|---|
| 2537 | # actually exist by making them if necessary.
|
|---|
| 2538 | installdirs: mkinstalldirs
|
|---|
| 2539 | $(srcdir)/mkinstalldirs $(bindir) $(datadir) \
|
|---|
| 2540 | $(libdir) $(infodir) \
|
|---|
| 2541 | $(mandir)
|
|---|
| 2542 |
|
|---|
| 2543 | or, if you wish to support `DESTDIR' (strongly encouraged),
|
|---|
| 2544 |
|
|---|
| 2545 | # Make sure all installation directories (e.g. $(bindir))
|
|---|
| 2546 | # actually exist by making them if necessary.
|
|---|
| 2547 | installdirs: mkinstalldirs
|
|---|
| 2548 | $(srcdir)/mkinstalldirs \
|
|---|
| 2549 | $(DESTDIR)$(bindir) $(DESTDIR)$(datadir) \
|
|---|
| 2550 | $(DESTDIR)$(libdir) $(DESTDIR)$(infodir) \
|
|---|
| 2551 | $(DESTDIR)$(mandir)
|
|---|
| 2552 |
|
|---|
| 2553 | This rule should not modify the directories where compilation is
|
|---|
| 2554 | done. It should do nothing but create installation directories.
|
|---|
| 2555 |
|
|---|
| 2556 | ---------- Footnotes ----------
|
|---|
| 2557 |
|
|---|
| 2558 | (1) `texi2dvi' uses TeX to do the real work of formatting. TeX is
|
|---|
| 2559 | not distributed with Texinfo.
|
|---|
| 2560 |
|
|---|
| 2561 |
|
|---|
| 2562 | File: make.info, Node: Install Command Categories, Prev: Standard Targets, Up: Makefile Conventions
|
|---|
| 2563 |
|
|---|
| 2564 | 14.7 Install Command Categories
|
|---|
| 2565 | ===============================
|
|---|
| 2566 |
|
|---|
| 2567 | When writing the `install' target, you must classify all the commands
|
|---|
| 2568 | into three categories: normal ones, "pre-installation" commands and
|
|---|
| 2569 | "post-installation" commands.
|
|---|
| 2570 |
|
|---|
| 2571 | Normal commands move files into their proper places, and set their
|
|---|
| 2572 | modes. They may not alter any files except the ones that come entirely
|
|---|
| 2573 | from the package they belong to.
|
|---|
| 2574 |
|
|---|
| 2575 | Pre-installation and post-installation commands may alter other
|
|---|
| 2576 | files; in particular, they can edit global configuration files or data
|
|---|
| 2577 | bases.
|
|---|
| 2578 |
|
|---|
| 2579 | Pre-installation commands are typically executed before the normal
|
|---|
| 2580 | commands, and post-installation commands are typically run after the
|
|---|
| 2581 | normal commands.
|
|---|
| 2582 |
|
|---|
| 2583 | The most common use for a post-installation command is to run
|
|---|
| 2584 | `install-info'. This cannot be done with a normal command, since it
|
|---|
| 2585 | alters a file (the Info directory) which does not come entirely and
|
|---|
| 2586 | solely from the package being installed. It is a post-installation
|
|---|
| 2587 | command because it needs to be done after the normal command which
|
|---|
| 2588 | installs the package's Info files.
|
|---|
| 2589 |
|
|---|
| 2590 | Most programs don't need any pre-installation commands, but we have
|
|---|
| 2591 | the feature just in case it is needed.
|
|---|
| 2592 |
|
|---|
| 2593 | To classify the commands in the `install' rule into these three
|
|---|
| 2594 | categories, insert "category lines" among them. A category line
|
|---|
| 2595 | specifies the category for the commands that follow.
|
|---|
| 2596 |
|
|---|
| 2597 | A category line consists of a tab and a reference to a special Make
|
|---|
| 2598 | variable, plus an optional comment at the end. There are three
|
|---|
| 2599 | variables you can use, one for each category; the variable name
|
|---|
| 2600 | specifies the category. Category lines are no-ops in ordinary execution
|
|---|
| 2601 | because these three Make variables are normally undefined (and you
|
|---|
| 2602 | _should not_ define them in the makefile).
|
|---|
| 2603 |
|
|---|
| 2604 | Here are the three possible category lines, each with a comment that
|
|---|
| 2605 | explains what it means:
|
|---|
| 2606 |
|
|---|
| 2607 | $(PRE_INSTALL) # Pre-install commands follow.
|
|---|
| 2608 | $(POST_INSTALL) # Post-install commands follow.
|
|---|
| 2609 | $(NORMAL_INSTALL) # Normal commands follow.
|
|---|
| 2610 |
|
|---|
| 2611 | If you don't use a category line at the beginning of the `install'
|
|---|
| 2612 | rule, all the commands are classified as normal until the first category
|
|---|
| 2613 | line. If you don't use any category lines, all the commands are
|
|---|
| 2614 | classified as normal.
|
|---|
| 2615 |
|
|---|
| 2616 | These are the category lines for `uninstall':
|
|---|
| 2617 |
|
|---|
| 2618 | $(PRE_UNINSTALL) # Pre-uninstall commands follow.
|
|---|
| 2619 | $(POST_UNINSTALL) # Post-uninstall commands follow.
|
|---|
| 2620 | $(NORMAL_UNINSTALL) # Normal commands follow.
|
|---|
| 2621 |
|
|---|
| 2622 | Typically, a pre-uninstall command would be used for deleting entries
|
|---|
| 2623 | from the Info directory.
|
|---|
| 2624 |
|
|---|
| 2625 | If the `install' or `uninstall' target has any dependencies which
|
|---|
| 2626 | act as subroutines of installation, then you should start _each_
|
|---|
| 2627 | dependency's commands with a category line, and start the main target's
|
|---|
| 2628 | commands with a category line also. This way, you can ensure that each
|
|---|
| 2629 | command is placed in the right category regardless of which of the
|
|---|
| 2630 | dependencies actually run.
|
|---|
| 2631 |
|
|---|
| 2632 | Pre-installation and post-installation commands should not run any
|
|---|
| 2633 | programs except for these:
|
|---|
| 2634 |
|
|---|
| 2635 | [ basename bash cat chgrp chmod chown cmp cp dd diff echo
|
|---|
| 2636 | egrep expand expr false fgrep find getopt grep gunzip gzip
|
|---|
| 2637 | hostname install install-info kill ldconfig ln ls md5sum
|
|---|
| 2638 | mkdir mkfifo mknod mv printenv pwd rm rmdir sed sort tee
|
|---|
| 2639 | test touch true uname xargs yes
|
|---|
| 2640 |
|
|---|
| 2641 | The reason for distinguishing the commands in this way is for the
|
|---|
| 2642 | sake of making binary packages. Typically a binary package contains
|
|---|
| 2643 | all the executables and other files that need to be installed, and has
|
|---|
| 2644 | its own method of installing them--so it does not need to run the normal
|
|---|
| 2645 | installation commands. But installing the binary package does need to
|
|---|
| 2646 | execute the pre-installation and post-installation commands.
|
|---|
| 2647 |
|
|---|
| 2648 | Programs to build binary packages work by extracting the
|
|---|
| 2649 | pre-installation and post-installation commands. Here is one way of
|
|---|
| 2650 | extracting the pre-installation commands (the `-s' option to `make' is
|
|---|
| 2651 | needed to silence messages about entering subdirectories):
|
|---|
| 2652 |
|
|---|
| 2653 | make -s -n install -o all \
|
|---|
| 2654 | PRE_INSTALL=pre-install \
|
|---|
| 2655 | POST_INSTALL=post-install \
|
|---|
| 2656 | NORMAL_INSTALL=normal-install \
|
|---|
| 2657 | | gawk -f pre-install.awk
|
|---|
| 2658 |
|
|---|
| 2659 | where the file `pre-install.awk' could contain this:
|
|---|
| 2660 |
|
|---|
| 2661 | $0 ~ /^(normal-install|post-install)[ \t]*$/ {on = 0}
|
|---|
| 2662 | on {print $0}
|
|---|
| 2663 | $0 ~ /^pre-install[ \t]*$/ {on = 1}
|
|---|
| 2664 |
|
|---|
| 2665 |
|
|---|
| 2666 | File: make.info, Node: Quick Reference, Next: Error Messages, Prev: Makefile Conventions, Up: Top
|
|---|
| 2667 |
|
|---|
| 2668 | Appendix A Quick Reference
|
|---|
| 2669 | **************************
|
|---|
| 2670 |
|
|---|
| 2671 | This appendix summarizes the directives, text manipulation functions,
|
|---|
| 2672 | and special variables which GNU `make' understands. *Note Special
|
|---|
| 2673 | Targets::, *note Catalogue of Implicit Rules: Catalogue of Rules, and
|
|---|
| 2674 | *note Summary of Options: Options Summary, for other summaries.
|
|---|
| 2675 |
|
|---|
| 2676 | Here is a summary of the directives GNU `make' recognizes:
|
|---|
| 2677 |
|
|---|
| 2678 | `define VARIABLE'
|
|---|
| 2679 | `define VARIABLE ='
|
|---|
| 2680 | `define VARIABLE :='
|
|---|
| 2681 | `define VARIABLE +='
|
|---|
| 2682 | `define VARIABLE ?='
|
|---|
| 2683 | `endef'
|
|---|
| 2684 | Define multi-line variables.
|
|---|
| 2685 | *Note Multi-Line::.
|
|---|
| 2686 |
|
|---|
| 2687 | `undefine VARIABLE'
|
|---|
| 2688 | Undefining variables.
|
|---|
| 2689 | *Note Undefine Directive::.
|
|---|
| 2690 |
|
|---|
| 2691 | `ifdef VARIABLE'
|
|---|
| 2692 | `ifndef VARIABLE'
|
|---|
| 2693 | `ifeq (A,B)'
|
|---|
| 2694 | `ifeq "A" "B"'
|
|---|
| 2695 | `ifeq 'A' 'B''
|
|---|
| 2696 | `ifneq (A,B)'
|
|---|
| 2697 | `ifneq "A" "B"'
|
|---|
| 2698 | `ifneq 'A' 'B''
|
|---|
| 2699 | `else'
|
|---|
| 2700 | `endif'
|
|---|
| 2701 | Conditionally evaluate part of the makefile.
|
|---|
| 2702 | *Note Conditionals::.
|
|---|
| 2703 |
|
|---|
| 2704 | `include FILE'
|
|---|
| 2705 | `-include FILE'
|
|---|
| 2706 | `sinclude FILE'
|
|---|
| 2707 | Include another makefile.
|
|---|
| 2708 | *Note Including Other Makefiles: Include.
|
|---|
| 2709 |
|
|---|
| 2710 | `override VARIABLE-ASSIGNMENT'
|
|---|
| 2711 | Define a variable, overriding any previous definition, even one
|
|---|
| 2712 | from the command line.
|
|---|
| 2713 | *Note The `override' Directive: Override Directive.
|
|---|
| 2714 |
|
|---|
| 2715 | `export'
|
|---|
| 2716 | Tell `make' to export all variables to child processes by default.
|
|---|
| 2717 | *Note Communicating Variables to a Sub-`make': Variables/Recursion.
|
|---|
| 2718 |
|
|---|
| 2719 | `export VARIABLE'
|
|---|
| 2720 | `export VARIABLE-ASSIGNMENT'
|
|---|
| 2721 | `unexport VARIABLE'
|
|---|
| 2722 | Tell `make' whether or not to export a particular variable to child
|
|---|
| 2723 | processes.
|
|---|
| 2724 | *Note Communicating Variables to a Sub-`make': Variables/Recursion.
|
|---|
| 2725 |
|
|---|
| 2726 | `private VARIABLE-ASSIGNMENT'
|
|---|
| 2727 | Do not allow this variable assignment to be inherited by
|
|---|
| 2728 | prerequisites.
|
|---|
| 2729 | *Note Suppressing Inheritance::.
|
|---|
| 2730 |
|
|---|
| 2731 | `vpath PATTERN PATH'
|
|---|
| 2732 | Specify a search path for files matching a `%' pattern.
|
|---|
| 2733 | *Note The `vpath' Directive: Selective Search.
|
|---|
| 2734 |
|
|---|
| 2735 | `vpath PATTERN'
|
|---|
| 2736 | Remove all search paths previously specified for PATTERN.
|
|---|
| 2737 |
|
|---|
| 2738 | `vpath'
|
|---|
| 2739 | Remove all search paths previously specified in any `vpath'
|
|---|
| 2740 | directive.
|
|---|
| 2741 |
|
|---|
| 2742 | Here is a summary of the built-in functions (*note Functions::):
|
|---|
| 2743 |
|
|---|
| 2744 | `$(subst FROM,TO,TEXT)'
|
|---|
| 2745 | Replace FROM with TO in TEXT.
|
|---|
| 2746 | *Note Functions for String Substitution and Analysis: Text
|
|---|
| 2747 | Functions.
|
|---|
| 2748 |
|
|---|
| 2749 | `$(patsubst PATTERN,REPLACEMENT,TEXT)'
|
|---|
| 2750 | Replace words matching PATTERN with REPLACEMENT in TEXT.
|
|---|
| 2751 | *Note Functions for String Substitution and Analysis: Text
|
|---|
| 2752 | Functions.
|
|---|
| 2753 |
|
|---|
| 2754 | `$(strip STRING)'
|
|---|
| 2755 | Remove excess whitespace characters from STRING.
|
|---|
| 2756 | *Note Functions for String Substitution and Analysis: Text
|
|---|
| 2757 | Functions.
|
|---|
| 2758 |
|
|---|
| 2759 | `$(findstring FIND,TEXT)'
|
|---|
| 2760 | Locate FIND in TEXT.
|
|---|
| 2761 | *Note Functions for String Substitution and Analysis: Text
|
|---|
| 2762 | Functions.
|
|---|
| 2763 |
|
|---|
| 2764 | `$(filter PATTERN...,TEXT)'
|
|---|
| 2765 | Select words in TEXT that match one of the PATTERN words.
|
|---|
| 2766 | *Note Functions for String Substitution and Analysis: Text
|
|---|
| 2767 | Functions.
|
|---|
| 2768 |
|
|---|
| 2769 | `$(filter-out PATTERN...,TEXT)'
|
|---|
| 2770 | Select words in TEXT that _do not_ match any of the PATTERN words.
|
|---|
| 2771 | *Note Functions for String Substitution and Analysis: Text
|
|---|
| 2772 | Functions.
|
|---|
| 2773 |
|
|---|
| 2774 | `$(sort LIST)'
|
|---|
| 2775 | Sort the words in LIST lexicographically, removing duplicates.
|
|---|
| 2776 | *Note Functions for String Substitution and Analysis: Text
|
|---|
| 2777 | Functions.
|
|---|
| 2778 |
|
|---|
| 2779 | `$(word N,TEXT)'
|
|---|
| 2780 | Extract the Nth word (one-origin) of TEXT.
|
|---|
| 2781 | *Note Functions for String Substitution and Analysis: Text
|
|---|
| 2782 | Functions.
|
|---|
| 2783 |
|
|---|
| 2784 | `$(words TEXT)'
|
|---|
| 2785 | Count the number of words in TEXT.
|
|---|
| 2786 | *Note Functions for String Substitution and Analysis: Text
|
|---|
| 2787 | Functions.
|
|---|
| 2788 |
|
|---|
| 2789 | `$(wordlist S,E,TEXT)'
|
|---|
| 2790 | Returns the list of words in TEXT from S to E.
|
|---|
| 2791 | *Note Functions for String Substitution and Analysis: Text
|
|---|
| 2792 | Functions.
|
|---|
| 2793 |
|
|---|
| 2794 | `$(firstword NAMES...)'
|
|---|
| 2795 | Extract the first word of NAMES.
|
|---|
| 2796 | *Note Functions for String Substitution and Analysis: Text
|
|---|
| 2797 | Functions.
|
|---|
| 2798 |
|
|---|
| 2799 | `$(lastword NAMES...)'
|
|---|
| 2800 | Extract the last word of NAMES.
|
|---|
| 2801 | *Note Functions for String Substitution and Analysis: Text
|
|---|
| 2802 | Functions.
|
|---|
| 2803 |
|
|---|
| 2804 | `$(dir NAMES...)'
|
|---|
| 2805 | Extract the directory part of each file name.
|
|---|
| 2806 | *Note Functions for File Names: File Name Functions.
|
|---|
| 2807 |
|
|---|
| 2808 | `$(notdir NAMES...)'
|
|---|
| 2809 | Extract the non-directory part of each file name.
|
|---|
| 2810 | *Note Functions for File Names: File Name Functions.
|
|---|
| 2811 |
|
|---|
| 2812 | `$(suffix NAMES...)'
|
|---|
| 2813 | Extract the suffix (the last `.' and following characters) of each
|
|---|
| 2814 | file name.
|
|---|
| 2815 | *Note Functions for File Names: File Name Functions.
|
|---|
| 2816 |
|
|---|
| 2817 | `$(basename NAMES...)'
|
|---|
| 2818 | Extract the base name (name without suffix) of each file name.
|
|---|
| 2819 | *Note Functions for File Names: File Name Functions.
|
|---|
| 2820 |
|
|---|
| 2821 | `$(addsuffix SUFFIX,NAMES...)'
|
|---|
| 2822 | Append SUFFIX to each word in NAMES.
|
|---|
| 2823 | *Note Functions for File Names: File Name Functions.
|
|---|
| 2824 |
|
|---|
| 2825 | `$(addprefix PREFIX,NAMES...)'
|
|---|
| 2826 | Prepend PREFIX to each word in NAMES.
|
|---|
| 2827 | *Note Functions for File Names: File Name Functions.
|
|---|
| 2828 |
|
|---|
| 2829 | `$(join LIST1,LIST2)'
|
|---|
| 2830 | Join two parallel lists of words.
|
|---|
| 2831 | *Note Functions for File Names: File Name Functions.
|
|---|
| 2832 |
|
|---|
| 2833 | `$(wildcard PATTERN...)'
|
|---|
| 2834 | Find file names matching a shell file name pattern (_not_ a `%'
|
|---|
| 2835 | pattern).
|
|---|
| 2836 | *Note The Function `wildcard': Wildcard Function.
|
|---|
| 2837 |
|
|---|
| 2838 | `$(realpath NAMES...)'
|
|---|
| 2839 | For each file name in NAMES, expand to an absolute name that does
|
|---|
| 2840 | not contain any `.', `..', nor symlinks.
|
|---|
| 2841 | *Note Functions for File Names: File Name Functions.
|
|---|
| 2842 |
|
|---|
| 2843 | `$(abspath NAMES...)'
|
|---|
| 2844 | For each file name in NAMES, expand to an absolute name that does
|
|---|
| 2845 | not contain any `.' or `..' components, but preserves symlinks.
|
|---|
| 2846 | *Note Functions for File Names: File Name Functions.
|
|---|
| 2847 |
|
|---|
| 2848 | `$(error TEXT...)'
|
|---|
| 2849 | When this function is evaluated, `make' generates a fatal error
|
|---|
| 2850 | with the message TEXT.
|
|---|
| 2851 | *Note Functions That Control Make: Make Control Functions.
|
|---|
| 2852 |
|
|---|
| 2853 | `$(warning TEXT...)'
|
|---|
| 2854 | When this function is evaluated, `make' generates a warning with
|
|---|
| 2855 | the message TEXT.
|
|---|
| 2856 | *Note Functions That Control Make: Make Control Functions.
|
|---|
| 2857 |
|
|---|
| 2858 | `$(shell COMMAND)'
|
|---|
| 2859 | Execute a shell command and return its output.
|
|---|
| 2860 | *Note The `shell' Function: Shell Function.
|
|---|
| 2861 |
|
|---|
| 2862 | `$(origin VARIABLE)'
|
|---|
| 2863 | Return a string describing how the `make' variable VARIABLE was
|
|---|
| 2864 | defined.
|
|---|
| 2865 | *Note The `origin' Function: Origin Function.
|
|---|
| 2866 |
|
|---|
| 2867 | `$(flavor VARIABLE)'
|
|---|
| 2868 | Return a string describing the flavor of the `make' variable
|
|---|
| 2869 | VARIABLE.
|
|---|
| 2870 | *Note The `flavor' Function: Flavor Function.
|
|---|
| 2871 |
|
|---|
| 2872 | `$(foreach VAR,WORDS,TEXT)'
|
|---|
| 2873 | Evaluate TEXT with VAR bound to each word in WORDS, and
|
|---|
| 2874 | concatenate the results.
|
|---|
| 2875 | *Note The `foreach' Function: Foreach Function.
|
|---|
| 2876 |
|
|---|
| 2877 | `$(if CONDITION,THEN-PART[,ELSE-PART])'
|
|---|
| 2878 | Evaluate the condition CONDITION; if it's non-empty substitute the
|
|---|
| 2879 | expansion of the THEN-PART otherwise substitute the expansion of
|
|---|
| 2880 | the ELSE-PART.
|
|---|
| 2881 | *Note Functions for Conditionals: Conditional Functions.
|
|---|
| 2882 |
|
|---|
| 2883 | `$(or CONDITION1[,CONDITION2[,CONDITION3...]])'
|
|---|
| 2884 | Evaluate each condition CONDITIONN one at a time; substitute the
|
|---|
| 2885 | first non-empty expansion. If all expansions are empty, substitute
|
|---|
| 2886 | the empty string.
|
|---|
| 2887 | *Note Functions for Conditionals: Conditional Functions.
|
|---|
| 2888 |
|
|---|
| 2889 | `$(and CONDITION1[,CONDITION2[,CONDITION3...]])'
|
|---|
| 2890 | Evaluate each condition CONDITIONN one at a time; if any expansion
|
|---|
| 2891 | results in the empty string substitute the empty string. If all
|
|---|
| 2892 | expansions result in a non-empty string, substitute the expansion
|
|---|
| 2893 | of the last CONDITION.
|
|---|
| 2894 | *Note Functions for Conditionals: Conditional Functions.
|
|---|
| 2895 |
|
|---|
| 2896 | `$(call VAR,PARAM,...)'
|
|---|
| 2897 | Evaluate the variable VAR replacing any references to `$(1)',
|
|---|
| 2898 | `$(2)' with the first, second, etc. PARAM values.
|
|---|
| 2899 | *Note The `call' Function: Call Function.
|
|---|
| 2900 |
|
|---|
| 2901 | `$(eval TEXT)'
|
|---|
| 2902 | Evaluate TEXT then read the results as makefile commands. Expands
|
|---|
| 2903 | to the empty string.
|
|---|
| 2904 | *Note The `eval' Function: Eval Function.
|
|---|
| 2905 |
|
|---|
| 2906 | `$(value VAR)'
|
|---|
| 2907 | Evaluates to the contents of the variable VAR, with no expansion
|
|---|
| 2908 | performed on it.
|
|---|
| 2909 | *Note The `value' Function: Value Function.
|
|---|
| 2910 |
|
|---|
| 2911 | Here is a summary of the automatic variables. *Note Automatic
|
|---|
| 2912 | Variables::, for full information.
|
|---|
| 2913 |
|
|---|
| 2914 | `$@'
|
|---|
| 2915 | The file name of the target.
|
|---|
| 2916 |
|
|---|
| 2917 | `$%'
|
|---|
| 2918 | The target member name, when the target is an archive member.
|
|---|
| 2919 |
|
|---|
| 2920 | `$<'
|
|---|
| 2921 | The name of the first prerequisite.
|
|---|
| 2922 |
|
|---|
| 2923 | `$?'
|
|---|
| 2924 | The names of all the prerequisites that are newer than the target,
|
|---|
| 2925 | with spaces between them. For prerequisites which are archive
|
|---|
| 2926 | members, only the named member is used (*note Archives::).
|
|---|
| 2927 |
|
|---|
| 2928 | `$^'
|
|---|
| 2929 | `$+'
|
|---|
| 2930 | The names of all the prerequisites, with spaces between them. For
|
|---|
| 2931 | prerequisites which are archive members, only the named member is
|
|---|
| 2932 | used (*note Archives::). The value of `$^' omits duplicate
|
|---|
| 2933 | prerequisites, while `$+' retains them and preserves their order.
|
|---|
| 2934 |
|
|---|
| 2935 | `$*'
|
|---|
| 2936 | The stem with which an implicit rule matches (*note How Patterns
|
|---|
| 2937 | Match: Pattern Match.).
|
|---|
| 2938 |
|
|---|
| 2939 | `$(@D)'
|
|---|
| 2940 | `$(@F)'
|
|---|
| 2941 | The directory part and the file-within-directory part of `$@'.
|
|---|
| 2942 |
|
|---|
| 2943 | `$(*D)'
|
|---|
| 2944 | `$(*F)'
|
|---|
| 2945 | The directory part and the file-within-directory part of `$*'.
|
|---|
| 2946 |
|
|---|
| 2947 | `$(%D)'
|
|---|
| 2948 | `$(%F)'
|
|---|
| 2949 | The directory part and the file-within-directory part of `$%'.
|
|---|
| 2950 |
|
|---|
| 2951 | `$(<D)'
|
|---|
| 2952 | `$(<F)'
|
|---|
| 2953 | The directory part and the file-within-directory part of `$<'.
|
|---|
| 2954 |
|
|---|
| 2955 | `$(^D)'
|
|---|
| 2956 | `$(^F)'
|
|---|
| 2957 | The directory part and the file-within-directory part of `$^'.
|
|---|
| 2958 |
|
|---|
| 2959 | `$(+D)'
|
|---|
| 2960 | `$(+F)'
|
|---|
| 2961 | The directory part and the file-within-directory part of `$+'.
|
|---|
| 2962 |
|
|---|
| 2963 | `$(?D)'
|
|---|
| 2964 | `$(?F)'
|
|---|
| 2965 | The directory part and the file-within-directory part of `$?'.
|
|---|
| 2966 |
|
|---|
| 2967 | These variables are used specially by GNU `make':
|
|---|
| 2968 |
|
|---|
| 2969 | `MAKEFILES'
|
|---|
| 2970 | Makefiles to be read on every invocation of `make'.
|
|---|
| 2971 | *Note The Variable `MAKEFILES': MAKEFILES Variable.
|
|---|
| 2972 |
|
|---|
| 2973 | `VPATH'
|
|---|
| 2974 | Directory search path for files not found in the current directory.
|
|---|
| 2975 | *Note `VPATH' Search Path for All Prerequisites: General Search.
|
|---|
| 2976 |
|
|---|
| 2977 | `SHELL'
|
|---|
| 2978 | The name of the system default command interpreter, usually
|
|---|
| 2979 | `/bin/sh'. You can set `SHELL' in the makefile to change the
|
|---|
| 2980 | shell used to run recipes. *Note Recipe Execution: Execution.
|
|---|
| 2981 | The `SHELL' variable is handled specially when importing from and
|
|---|
| 2982 | exporting to the environment. *Note Choosing the Shell::.
|
|---|
| 2983 |
|
|---|
| 2984 | `MAKESHELL'
|
|---|
| 2985 | On MS-DOS only, the name of the command interpreter that is to be
|
|---|
| 2986 | used by `make'. This value takes precedence over the value of
|
|---|
| 2987 | `SHELL'. *Note MAKESHELL variable: Execution.
|
|---|
| 2988 |
|
|---|
| 2989 | `MAKE'
|
|---|
| 2990 | The name with which `make' was invoked. Using this variable in
|
|---|
| 2991 | recipes has special meaning. *Note How the `MAKE' Variable Works:
|
|---|
| 2992 | MAKE Variable.
|
|---|
| 2993 |
|
|---|
| 2994 | `MAKELEVEL'
|
|---|
| 2995 | The number of levels of recursion (sub-`make's).
|
|---|
| 2996 | *Note Variables/Recursion::.
|
|---|
| 2997 |
|
|---|
| 2998 | `MAKEFLAGS'
|
|---|
| 2999 | The flags given to `make'. You can set this in the environment or
|
|---|
| 3000 | a makefile to set flags.
|
|---|
| 3001 | *Note Communicating Options to a Sub-`make': Options/Recursion.
|
|---|
| 3002 |
|
|---|
| 3003 | It is _never_ appropriate to use `MAKEFLAGS' directly in a recipe
|
|---|
| 3004 | line: its contents may not be quoted correctly for use in the
|
|---|
| 3005 | shell. Always allow recursive `make''s to obtain these values
|
|---|
| 3006 | through the environment from its parent.
|
|---|
| 3007 |
|
|---|
| 3008 | `MAKECMDGOALS'
|
|---|
| 3009 | The targets given to `make' on the command line. Setting this
|
|---|
| 3010 | variable has no effect on the operation of `make'.
|
|---|
| 3011 | *Note Arguments to Specify the Goals: Goals.
|
|---|
| 3012 |
|
|---|
| 3013 | `CURDIR'
|
|---|
| 3014 | Set to the pathname of the current working directory (after all
|
|---|
| 3015 | `-C' options are processed, if any). Setting this variable has no
|
|---|
| 3016 | effect on the operation of `make'.
|
|---|
| 3017 | *Note Recursive Use of `make': Recursion.
|
|---|
| 3018 |
|
|---|
| 3019 | `SUFFIXES'
|
|---|
| 3020 | The default list of suffixes before `make' reads any makefiles.
|
|---|
| 3021 |
|
|---|
| 3022 | `.LIBPATTERNS'
|
|---|
| 3023 | Defines the naming of the libraries `make' searches for, and their
|
|---|
| 3024 | order.
|
|---|
| 3025 | *Note Directory Search for Link Libraries: Libraries/Search.
|
|---|
| 3026 |
|
|---|
| 3027 |
|
|---|
| 3028 | File: make.info, Node: Error Messages, Next: Complex Makefile, Prev: Quick Reference, Up: Top
|
|---|
| 3029 |
|
|---|
| 3030 | Appendix B Errors Generated by Make
|
|---|
| 3031 | ***********************************
|
|---|
| 3032 |
|
|---|
| 3033 | Here is a list of the more common errors you might see generated by
|
|---|
| 3034 | `make', and some information about what they mean and how to fix them.
|
|---|
| 3035 |
|
|---|
| 3036 | Sometimes `make' errors are not fatal, especially in the presence of
|
|---|
| 3037 | a `-' prefix on a recipe line, or the `-k' command line option. Errors
|
|---|
| 3038 | that are fatal are prefixed with the string `***'.
|
|---|
| 3039 |
|
|---|
| 3040 | Error messages are all either prefixed with the name of the program
|
|---|
| 3041 | (usually `make'), or, if the error is found in a makefile, the name of
|
|---|
| 3042 | the file and linenumber containing the problem.
|
|---|
| 3043 |
|
|---|
| 3044 | In the table below, these common prefixes are left off.
|
|---|
| 3045 |
|
|---|
| 3046 | `[FOO] Error NN'
|
|---|
| 3047 | `[FOO] SIGNAL DESCRIPTION'
|
|---|
| 3048 | These errors are not really `make' errors at all. They mean that a
|
|---|
| 3049 | program that `make' invoked as part of a recipe returned a non-0
|
|---|
| 3050 | error code (`Error NN'), which `make' interprets as failure, or it
|
|---|
| 3051 | exited in some other abnormal fashion (with a signal of some
|
|---|
| 3052 | type). *Note Errors in Recipes: Errors.
|
|---|
| 3053 |
|
|---|
| 3054 | If no `***' is attached to the message, then the subprocess failed
|
|---|
| 3055 | but the rule in the makefile was prefixed with the `-' special
|
|---|
| 3056 | character, so `make' ignored the error.
|
|---|
| 3057 |
|
|---|
| 3058 | `missing separator. Stop.'
|
|---|
| 3059 | `missing separator (did you mean TAB instead of 8 spaces?). Stop.'
|
|---|
| 3060 | This means that `make' could not understand much of anything about
|
|---|
| 3061 | the makefile line it just read. GNU `make' looks for various
|
|---|
| 3062 | separators (`:', `=', recipe prefix characters, etc.) to indicate
|
|---|
| 3063 | what kind of line it's parsing. This message means it couldn't
|
|---|
| 3064 | find a valid one.
|
|---|
| 3065 |
|
|---|
| 3066 | One of the most common reasons for this message is that you (or
|
|---|
| 3067 | perhaps your oh-so-helpful editor, as is the case with many
|
|---|
| 3068 | MS-Windows editors) have attempted to indent your recipe lines
|
|---|
| 3069 | with spaces instead of a tab character. In this case, `make' will
|
|---|
| 3070 | use the second form of the error above. Remember that every line
|
|---|
| 3071 | in the recipe must begin with a tab character (unless you set
|
|---|
| 3072 | `.RECIPEPREFIX'; *note Special Variables::). Eight spaces do not
|
|---|
| 3073 | count. *Note Rule Syntax::.
|
|---|
| 3074 |
|
|---|
| 3075 | `recipe commences before first target. Stop.'
|
|---|
| 3076 | `missing rule before recipe. Stop.'
|
|---|
| 3077 | This means the first thing in the makefile seems to be part of a
|
|---|
| 3078 | recipe: it begins with a recipe prefix character and doesn't
|
|---|
| 3079 | appear to be a legal `make' directive (such as a variable
|
|---|
| 3080 | assignment). Recipes must always be associated with a target.
|
|---|
| 3081 |
|
|---|
| 3082 | The second form is generated if the line has a semicolon as the
|
|---|
| 3083 | first non-whitespace character; `make' interprets this to mean you
|
|---|
| 3084 | left out the "target: prerequisite" section of a rule. *Note Rule
|
|---|
| 3085 | Syntax::.
|
|---|
| 3086 |
|
|---|
| 3087 | `No rule to make target `XXX'.'
|
|---|
| 3088 | `No rule to make target `XXX', needed by `YYY'.'
|
|---|
| 3089 | This means that `make' decided it needed to build a target, but
|
|---|
| 3090 | then couldn't find any instructions in the makefile on how to do
|
|---|
| 3091 | that, either explicit or implicit (including in the default rules
|
|---|
| 3092 | database).
|
|---|
| 3093 |
|
|---|
| 3094 | If you want that file to be built, you will need to add a rule to
|
|---|
| 3095 | your makefile describing how that target can be built. Other
|
|---|
| 3096 | possible sources of this problem are typos in the makefile (if
|
|---|
| 3097 | that filename is wrong) or a corrupted source tree (if that file
|
|---|
| 3098 | is not supposed to be built, but rather only a prerequisite).
|
|---|
| 3099 |
|
|---|
| 3100 | `No targets specified and no makefile found. Stop.'
|
|---|
| 3101 | `No targets. Stop.'
|
|---|
| 3102 | The former means that you didn't provide any targets to be built
|
|---|
| 3103 | on the command line, and `make' couldn't find any makefiles to
|
|---|
| 3104 | read in. The latter means that some makefile was found, but it
|
|---|
| 3105 | didn't contain any default goal and none was given on the command
|
|---|
| 3106 | line. GNU `make' has nothing to do in these situations. *Note
|
|---|
| 3107 | Arguments to Specify the Makefile: Makefile Arguments.
|
|---|
| 3108 |
|
|---|
| 3109 | `Makefile `XXX' was not found.'
|
|---|
| 3110 | `Included makefile `XXX' was not found.'
|
|---|
| 3111 | A makefile specified on the command line (first form) or included
|
|---|
| 3112 | (second form) was not found.
|
|---|
| 3113 |
|
|---|
| 3114 | `warning: overriding recipe for target `XXX''
|
|---|
| 3115 | `warning: ignoring old recipe for target `XXX''
|
|---|
| 3116 | GNU `make' allows only one recipe to be specified per target
|
|---|
| 3117 | (except for double-colon rules). If you give a recipe for a target
|
|---|
| 3118 | which already has been defined to have one, this warning is issued
|
|---|
| 3119 | and the second recipe will overwrite the first. *Note Multiple
|
|---|
| 3120 | Rules for One Target: Multiple Rules.
|
|---|
| 3121 |
|
|---|
| 3122 | `Circular XXX <- YYY dependency dropped.'
|
|---|
| 3123 | This means that `make' detected a loop in the dependency graph:
|
|---|
| 3124 | after tracing the prerequisite YYY of target XXX, and its
|
|---|
| 3125 | prerequisites, etc., one of them depended on XXX again.
|
|---|
| 3126 |
|
|---|
| 3127 | `Recursive variable `XXX' references itself (eventually). Stop.'
|
|---|
| 3128 | This means you've defined a normal (recursive) `make' variable XXX
|
|---|
| 3129 | that, when it's expanded, will refer to itself (XXX). This is not
|
|---|
| 3130 | allowed; either use simply-expanded variables (`:=') or use the
|
|---|
| 3131 | append operator (`+='). *Note How to Use Variables: Using
|
|---|
| 3132 | Variables.
|
|---|
| 3133 |
|
|---|
| 3134 | `Unterminated variable reference. Stop.'
|
|---|
| 3135 | This means you forgot to provide the proper closing parenthesis or
|
|---|
| 3136 | brace in your variable or function reference.
|
|---|
| 3137 |
|
|---|
| 3138 | `insufficient arguments to function `XXX'. Stop.'
|
|---|
| 3139 | This means you haven't provided the requisite number of arguments
|
|---|
| 3140 | for this function. See the documentation of the function for a
|
|---|
| 3141 | description of its arguments. *Note Functions for Transforming
|
|---|
| 3142 | Text: Functions.
|
|---|
| 3143 |
|
|---|
| 3144 | `missing target pattern. Stop.'
|
|---|
| 3145 | `multiple target patterns. Stop.'
|
|---|
| 3146 | `target pattern contains no `%'. Stop.'
|
|---|
| 3147 | `mixed implicit and static pattern rules. Stop.'
|
|---|
| 3148 | These are generated for malformed static pattern rules. The first
|
|---|
| 3149 | means there's no pattern in the target section of the rule; the
|
|---|
| 3150 | second means there are multiple patterns in the target section;
|
|---|
| 3151 | the third means the target doesn't contain a pattern character
|
|---|
| 3152 | (`%'); and the fourth means that all three parts of the static
|
|---|
| 3153 | pattern rule contain pattern characters (`%')-only the first two
|
|---|
| 3154 | parts should. *Note Syntax of Static Pattern Rules: Static Usage.
|
|---|
| 3155 |
|
|---|
| 3156 | `warning: -jN forced in submake: disabling jobserver mode.'
|
|---|
| 3157 | This warning and the next are generated if `make' detects error
|
|---|
| 3158 | conditions related to parallel processing on systems where
|
|---|
| 3159 | sub-`make's can communicate (*note Communicating Options to a
|
|---|
| 3160 | Sub-`make': Options/Recursion.). This warning is generated if a
|
|---|
| 3161 | recursive invocation of a `make' process is forced to have `-jN'
|
|---|
| 3162 | in its argument list (where N is greater than one). This could
|
|---|
| 3163 | happen, for example, if you set the `MAKE' environment variable to
|
|---|
| 3164 | `make -j2'. In this case, the sub-`make' doesn't communicate with
|
|---|
| 3165 | other `make' processes and will simply pretend it has two jobs of
|
|---|
| 3166 | its own.
|
|---|
| 3167 |
|
|---|
| 3168 | `warning: jobserver unavailable: using -j1. Add `+' to parent make rule.'
|
|---|
| 3169 | In order for `make' processes to communicate, the parent will pass
|
|---|
| 3170 | information to the child. Since this could result in problems if
|
|---|
| 3171 | the child process isn't actually a `make', the parent will only do
|
|---|
| 3172 | this if it thinks the child is a `make'. The parent uses the
|
|---|
| 3173 | normal algorithms to determine this (*note How the `MAKE' Variable
|
|---|
| 3174 | Works: MAKE Variable.). If the makefile is constructed such that
|
|---|
| 3175 | the parent doesn't know the child is a `make' process, then the
|
|---|
| 3176 | child will receive only part of the information necessary. In
|
|---|
| 3177 | this case, the child will generate this warning message and
|
|---|
| 3178 | proceed with its build in a sequential manner.
|
|---|
| 3179 |
|
|---|
| 3180 |
|
|---|
| 3181 |
|
|---|
| 3182 | File: make.info, Node: Complex Makefile, Next: GNU Free Documentation License, Prev: Error Messages, Up: Top
|
|---|
| 3183 |
|
|---|
| 3184 | Appendix C Complex Makefile Example
|
|---|
| 3185 | ***********************************
|
|---|
| 3186 |
|
|---|
| 3187 | Here is the makefile for the GNU `tar' program. This is a moderately
|
|---|
| 3188 | complex makefile.
|
|---|
| 3189 |
|
|---|
| 3190 | Because it is the first target, the default goal is `all'. An
|
|---|
| 3191 | interesting feature of this makefile is that `testpad.h' is a source
|
|---|
| 3192 | file automatically created by the `testpad' program, itself compiled
|
|---|
| 3193 | from `testpad.c'.
|
|---|
| 3194 |
|
|---|
| 3195 | If you type `make' or `make all', then `make' creates the `tar'
|
|---|
| 3196 | executable, the `rmt' daemon that provides remote tape access, and the
|
|---|
| 3197 | `tar.info' Info file.
|
|---|
| 3198 |
|
|---|
| 3199 | If you type `make install', then `make' not only creates `tar',
|
|---|
| 3200 | `rmt', and `tar.info', but also installs them.
|
|---|
| 3201 |
|
|---|
| 3202 | If you type `make clean', then `make' removes the `.o' files, and
|
|---|
| 3203 | the `tar', `rmt', `testpad', `testpad.h', and `core' files.
|
|---|
| 3204 |
|
|---|
| 3205 | If you type `make distclean', then `make' not only removes the same
|
|---|
| 3206 | files as does `make clean' but also the `TAGS', `Makefile', and
|
|---|
| 3207 | `config.status' files. (Although it is not evident, this makefile (and
|
|---|
| 3208 | `config.status') is generated by the user with the `configure' program,
|
|---|
| 3209 | which is provided in the `tar' distribution, but is not shown here.)
|
|---|
| 3210 |
|
|---|
| 3211 | If you type `make realclean', then `make' removes the same files as
|
|---|
| 3212 | does `make distclean' and also removes the Info files generated from
|
|---|
| 3213 | `tar.texinfo'.
|
|---|
| 3214 |
|
|---|
| 3215 | In addition, there are targets `shar' and `dist' that create
|
|---|
| 3216 | distribution kits.
|
|---|
| 3217 |
|
|---|
| 3218 | # Generated automatically from Makefile.in by configure.
|
|---|
| 3219 | # Un*x Makefile for GNU tar program.
|
|---|
| 3220 | # Copyright (C) 1991 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
|
|---|
| 3221 |
|
|---|
| 3222 | # This program is free software; you can redistribute
|
|---|
| 3223 | # it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU
|
|---|
| 3224 | # General Public License ...
|
|---|
| 3225 | ...
|
|---|
| 3226 | ...
|
|---|
| 3227 |
|
|---|
| 3228 | SHELL = /bin/sh
|
|---|
| 3229 |
|
|---|
| 3230 | #### Start of system configuration section. ####
|
|---|
| 3231 |
|
|---|
| 3232 | srcdir = .
|
|---|
| 3233 |
|
|---|
| 3234 | # If you use gcc, you should either run the
|
|---|
| 3235 | # fixincludes script that comes with it or else use
|
|---|
| 3236 | # gcc with the -traditional option. Otherwise ioctl
|
|---|
| 3237 | # calls will be compiled incorrectly on some systems.
|
|---|
| 3238 | CC = gcc -O
|
|---|
| 3239 | YACC = bison -y
|
|---|
| 3240 | INSTALL = /usr/local/bin/install -c
|
|---|
| 3241 | INSTALLDATA = /usr/local/bin/install -c -m 644
|
|---|
| 3242 |
|
|---|
| 3243 | # Things you might add to DEFS:
|
|---|
| 3244 | # -DSTDC_HEADERS If you have ANSI C headers and
|
|---|
| 3245 | # libraries.
|
|---|
| 3246 | # -DPOSIX If you have POSIX.1 headers and
|
|---|
| 3247 | # libraries.
|
|---|
| 3248 | # -DBSD42 If you have sys/dir.h (unless
|
|---|
| 3249 | # you use -DPOSIX), sys/file.h,
|
|---|
| 3250 | # and st_blocks in `struct stat'.
|
|---|
| 3251 | # -DUSG If you have System V/ANSI C
|
|---|
| 3252 | # string and memory functions
|
|---|
| 3253 | # and headers, sys/sysmacros.h,
|
|---|
| 3254 | # fcntl.h, getcwd, no valloc,
|
|---|
| 3255 | # and ndir.h (unless
|
|---|
| 3256 | # you use -DDIRENT).
|
|---|
| 3257 | # -DNO_MEMORY_H If USG or STDC_HEADERS but do not
|
|---|
| 3258 | # include memory.h.
|
|---|
| 3259 | # -DDIRENT If USG and you have dirent.h
|
|---|
| 3260 | # instead of ndir.h.
|
|---|
| 3261 | # -DSIGTYPE=int If your signal handlers
|
|---|
| 3262 | # return int, not void.
|
|---|
| 3263 | # -DNO_MTIO If you lack sys/mtio.h
|
|---|
| 3264 | # (magtape ioctls).
|
|---|
| 3265 | # -DNO_REMOTE If you do not have a remote shell
|
|---|
| 3266 | # or rexec.
|
|---|
| 3267 | # -DUSE_REXEC To use rexec for remote tape
|
|---|
| 3268 | # operations instead of
|
|---|
| 3269 | # forking rsh or remsh.
|
|---|
| 3270 | # -DVPRINTF_MISSING If you lack vprintf function
|
|---|
| 3271 | # (but have _doprnt).
|
|---|
| 3272 | # -DDOPRNT_MISSING If you lack _doprnt function.
|
|---|
| 3273 | # Also need to define
|
|---|
| 3274 | # -DVPRINTF_MISSING.
|
|---|
| 3275 | # -DFTIME_MISSING If you lack ftime system call.
|
|---|
| 3276 | # -DSTRSTR_MISSING If you lack strstr function.
|
|---|
| 3277 | # -DVALLOC_MISSING If you lack valloc function.
|
|---|
| 3278 | # -DMKDIR_MISSING If you lack mkdir and
|
|---|
| 3279 | # rmdir system calls.
|
|---|
| 3280 | # -DRENAME_MISSING If you lack rename system call.
|
|---|
| 3281 | # -DFTRUNCATE_MISSING If you lack ftruncate
|
|---|
| 3282 | # system call.
|
|---|
| 3283 | # -DV7 On Version 7 Unix (not
|
|---|
| 3284 | # tested in a long time).
|
|---|
| 3285 | # -DEMUL_OPEN3 If you lack a 3-argument version
|
|---|
| 3286 | # of open, and want to emulate it
|
|---|
| 3287 | # with system calls you do have.
|
|---|
| 3288 | # -DNO_OPEN3 If you lack the 3-argument open
|
|---|
| 3289 | # and want to disable the tar -k
|
|---|
| 3290 | # option instead of emulating open.
|
|---|
| 3291 | # -DXENIX If you have sys/inode.h
|
|---|
| 3292 | # and need it 94 to be included.
|
|---|
| 3293 |
|
|---|
| 3294 | DEFS = -DSIGTYPE=int -DDIRENT -DSTRSTR_MISSING \
|
|---|
| 3295 | -DVPRINTF_MISSING -DBSD42
|
|---|
| 3296 | # Set this to rtapelib.o unless you defined NO_REMOTE,
|
|---|
| 3297 | # in which case make it empty.
|
|---|
| 3298 | RTAPELIB = rtapelib.o
|
|---|
| 3299 | LIBS =
|
|---|
| 3300 | DEF_AR_FILE = /dev/rmt8
|
|---|
| 3301 | DEFBLOCKING = 20
|
|---|
| 3302 |
|
|---|
| 3303 | CDEBUG = -g
|
|---|
| 3304 | CFLAGS = $(CDEBUG) -I. -I$(srcdir) $(DEFS) \
|
|---|
| 3305 | -DDEF_AR_FILE=\"$(DEF_AR_FILE)\" \
|
|---|
| 3306 | -DDEFBLOCKING=$(DEFBLOCKING)
|
|---|
| 3307 | LDFLAGS = -g
|
|---|
| 3308 |
|
|---|
| 3309 | prefix = /usr/local
|
|---|
| 3310 | # Prefix for each installed program,
|
|---|
| 3311 | # normally empty or `g'.
|
|---|
| 3312 | binprefix =
|
|---|
| 3313 |
|
|---|
| 3314 | # The directory to install tar in.
|
|---|
| 3315 | bindir = $(prefix)/bin
|
|---|
| 3316 |
|
|---|
| 3317 | # The directory to install the info files in.
|
|---|
| 3318 | infodir = $(prefix)/info
|
|---|
| 3319 |
|
|---|
| 3320 | #### End of system configuration section. ####
|
|---|
| 3321 |
|
|---|
| 3322 | SRCS_C = tar.c create.c extract.c buffer.c \
|
|---|
| 3323 | getoldopt.c update.c gnu.c mangle.c \
|
|---|
| 3324 | version.c list.c names.c diffarch.c \
|
|---|
| 3325 | port.c wildmat.c getopt.c getopt1.c \
|
|---|
| 3326 | regex.c
|
|---|
| 3327 | SRCS_Y = getdate.y
|
|---|
| 3328 | SRCS = $(SRCS_C) $(SRCS_Y)
|
|---|
| 3329 | OBJS = $(SRCS_C:.c=.o) $(SRCS_Y:.y=.o) $(RTAPELIB)
|
|---|
| 3330 | AUX = README COPYING ChangeLog Makefile.in \
|
|---|
| 3331 | makefile.pc configure configure.in \
|
|---|
| 3332 | tar.texinfo tar.info* texinfo.tex \
|
|---|
| 3333 | tar.h port.h open3.h getopt.h regex.h \
|
|---|
| 3334 | rmt.h rmt.c rtapelib.c alloca.c \
|
|---|
| 3335 | msd_dir.h msd_dir.c tcexparg.c \
|
|---|
| 3336 | level-0 level-1 backup-specs testpad.c
|
|---|
| 3337 |
|
|---|
| 3338 | .PHONY: all
|
|---|
| 3339 | all: tar rmt tar.info
|
|---|
| 3340 |
|
|---|
| 3341 | tar: $(OBJS)
|
|---|
| 3342 | $(CC) $(LDFLAGS) -o $@ $(OBJS) $(LIBS)
|
|---|
| 3343 |
|
|---|
| 3344 | rmt: rmt.c
|
|---|
| 3345 | $(CC) $(CFLAGS) $(LDFLAGS) -o $@ rmt.c
|
|---|
| 3346 |
|
|---|
| 3347 | tar.info: tar.texinfo
|
|---|
| 3348 | makeinfo tar.texinfo
|
|---|
| 3349 |
|
|---|
| 3350 | .PHONY: install
|
|---|
| 3351 | install: all
|
|---|
| 3352 | $(INSTALL) tar $(bindir)/$(binprefix)tar
|
|---|
| 3353 | -test ! -f rmt || $(INSTALL) rmt /etc/rmt
|
|---|
| 3354 | $(INSTALLDATA) $(srcdir)/tar.info* $(infodir)
|
|---|
| 3355 |
|
|---|
| 3356 | $(OBJS): tar.h port.h testpad.h
|
|---|
| 3357 | regex.o buffer.o tar.o: regex.h
|
|---|
| 3358 | # getdate.y has 8 shift/reduce conflicts.
|
|---|
| 3359 |
|
|---|
| 3360 | testpad.h: testpad
|
|---|
| 3361 | ./testpad
|
|---|
| 3362 |
|
|---|
| 3363 | testpad: testpad.o
|
|---|
| 3364 | $(CC) -o $@ testpad.o
|
|---|
| 3365 |
|
|---|
| 3366 | TAGS: $(SRCS)
|
|---|
| 3367 | etags $(SRCS)
|
|---|
| 3368 |
|
|---|
| 3369 | .PHONY: clean
|
|---|
| 3370 | clean:
|
|---|
| 3371 | rm -f *.o tar rmt testpad testpad.h core
|
|---|
| 3372 |
|
|---|
| 3373 | .PHONY: distclean
|
|---|
| 3374 | distclean: clean
|
|---|
| 3375 | rm -f TAGS Makefile config.status
|
|---|
| 3376 |
|
|---|
| 3377 | .PHONY: realclean
|
|---|
| 3378 | realclean: distclean
|
|---|
| 3379 | rm -f tar.info*
|
|---|
| 3380 |
|
|---|
| 3381 | .PHONY: shar
|
|---|
| 3382 | shar: $(SRCS) $(AUX)
|
|---|
| 3383 | shar $(SRCS) $(AUX) | compress \
|
|---|
| 3384 | > tar-`sed -e '/version_string/!d' \
|
|---|
| 3385 | -e 's/[^0-9.]*\([0-9.]*\).*/\1/' \
|
|---|
| 3386 | -e q
|
|---|
| 3387 | version.c`.shar.Z
|
|---|
| 3388 |
|
|---|
| 3389 | .PHONY: dist
|
|---|
| 3390 | dist: $(SRCS) $(AUX)
|
|---|
| 3391 | echo tar-`sed \
|
|---|
| 3392 | -e '/version_string/!d' \
|
|---|
| 3393 | -e 's/[^0-9.]*\([0-9.]*\).*/\1/' \
|
|---|
| 3394 | -e q
|
|---|
| 3395 | version.c` > .fname
|
|---|
| 3396 | -rm -rf `cat .fname`
|
|---|
| 3397 | mkdir `cat .fname`
|
|---|
| 3398 | ln $(SRCS) $(AUX) `cat .fname`
|
|---|
| 3399 | tar chZf `cat .fname`.tar.Z `cat .fname`
|
|---|
| 3400 | -rm -rf `cat .fname` .fname
|
|---|
| 3401 |
|
|---|
| 3402 | tar.zoo: $(SRCS) $(AUX)
|
|---|
| 3403 | -rm -rf tmp.dir
|
|---|
| 3404 | -mkdir tmp.dir
|
|---|
| 3405 | -rm tar.zoo
|
|---|
| 3406 | for X in $(SRCS) $(AUX) ; do \
|
|---|
| 3407 | echo $$X ; \
|
|---|
| 3408 | sed 's/$$/^M/' $$X \
|
|---|
| 3409 | > tmp.dir/$$X ; done
|
|---|
| 3410 | cd tmp.dir ; zoo aM ../tar.zoo *
|
|---|
| 3411 | -rm -rf tmp.dir
|
|---|
| 3412 |
|
|---|
| 3413 |
|
|---|
| 3414 | File: make.info, Node: GNU Free Documentation License, Next: Concept Index, Prev: Complex Makefile, Up: Top
|
|---|
| 3415 |
|
|---|
| 3416 | C.1 GNU Free Documentation License
|
|---|
| 3417 | ==================================
|
|---|
| 3418 |
|
|---|
| 3419 | Version 1.3, 3 November 2008
|
|---|
| 3420 |
|
|---|
| 3421 | Copyright (C) 2000, 2001, 2002, 2007, 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
|
|---|
| 3422 | `http://fsf.org/'
|
|---|
| 3423 |
|
|---|
| 3424 | Everyone is permitted to copy and distribute verbatim copies
|
|---|
| 3425 | of this license document, but changing it is not allowed.
|
|---|
| 3426 |
|
|---|
| 3427 | 0. PREAMBLE
|
|---|
| 3428 |
|
|---|
| 3429 | The purpose of this License is to make a manual, textbook, or other
|
|---|
| 3430 | functional and useful document "free" in the sense of freedom: to
|
|---|
| 3431 | assure everyone the effective freedom to copy and redistribute it,
|
|---|
| 3432 | with or without modifying it, either commercially or
|
|---|
| 3433 | noncommercially. Secondarily, this License preserves for the
|
|---|
| 3434 | author and publisher a way to get credit for their work, while not
|
|---|
| 3435 | being considered responsible for modifications made by others.
|
|---|
| 3436 |
|
|---|
| 3437 | This License is a kind of "copyleft", which means that derivative
|
|---|
| 3438 | works of the document must themselves be free in the same sense.
|
|---|
| 3439 | It complements the GNU General Public License, which is a copyleft
|
|---|
| 3440 | license designed for free software.
|
|---|
| 3441 |
|
|---|
| 3442 | We have designed this License in order to use it for manuals for
|
|---|
| 3443 | free software, because free software needs free documentation: a
|
|---|
| 3444 | free program should come with manuals providing the same freedoms
|
|---|
| 3445 | that the software does. But this License is not limited to
|
|---|
| 3446 | software manuals; it can be used for any textual work, regardless
|
|---|
| 3447 | of subject matter or whether it is published as a printed book.
|
|---|
| 3448 | We recommend this License principally for works whose purpose is
|
|---|
| 3449 | instruction or reference.
|
|---|
| 3450 |
|
|---|
| 3451 | 1. APPLICABILITY AND DEFINITIONS
|
|---|
| 3452 |
|
|---|
| 3453 | This License applies to any manual or other work, in any medium,
|
|---|
| 3454 | that contains a notice placed by the copyright holder saying it
|
|---|
| 3455 | can be distributed under the terms of this License. Such a notice
|
|---|
| 3456 | grants a world-wide, royalty-free license, unlimited in duration,
|
|---|
| 3457 | to use that work under the conditions stated herein. The
|
|---|
| 3458 | "Document", below, refers to any such manual or work. Any member
|
|---|
| 3459 | of the public is a licensee, and is addressed as "you". You
|
|---|
| 3460 | accept the license if you copy, modify or distribute the work in a
|
|---|
| 3461 | way requiring permission under copyright law.
|
|---|
| 3462 |
|
|---|
| 3463 | A "Modified Version" of the Document means any work containing the
|
|---|
| 3464 | Document or a portion of it, either copied verbatim, or with
|
|---|
| 3465 | modifications and/or translated into another language.
|
|---|
| 3466 |
|
|---|
| 3467 | A "Secondary Section" is a named appendix or a front-matter section
|
|---|
| 3468 | of the Document that deals exclusively with the relationship of the
|
|---|
| 3469 | publishers or authors of the Document to the Document's overall
|
|---|
| 3470 | subject (or to related matters) and contains nothing that could
|
|---|
| 3471 | fall directly within that overall subject. (Thus, if the Document
|
|---|
| 3472 | is in part a textbook of mathematics, a Secondary Section may not
|
|---|
| 3473 | explain any mathematics.) The relationship could be a matter of
|
|---|
| 3474 | historical connection with the subject or with related matters, or
|
|---|
| 3475 | of legal, commercial, philosophical, ethical or political position
|
|---|
| 3476 | regarding them.
|
|---|
| 3477 |
|
|---|
| 3478 | The "Invariant Sections" are certain Secondary Sections whose
|
|---|
| 3479 | titles are designated, as being those of Invariant Sections, in
|
|---|
| 3480 | the notice that says that the Document is released under this
|
|---|
| 3481 | License. If a section does not fit the above definition of
|
|---|
| 3482 | Secondary then it is not allowed to be designated as Invariant.
|
|---|
| 3483 | The Document may contain zero Invariant Sections. If the Document
|
|---|
| 3484 | does not identify any Invariant Sections then there are none.
|
|---|
| 3485 |
|
|---|
| 3486 | The "Cover Texts" are certain short passages of text that are
|
|---|
| 3487 | listed, as Front-Cover Texts or Back-Cover Texts, in the notice
|
|---|
| 3488 | that says that the Document is released under this License. A
|
|---|
| 3489 | Front-Cover Text may be at most 5 words, and a Back-Cover Text may
|
|---|
| 3490 | be at most 25 words.
|
|---|
| 3491 |
|
|---|
| 3492 | A "Transparent" copy of the Document means a machine-readable copy,
|
|---|
| 3493 | represented in a format whose specification is available to the
|
|---|
| 3494 | general public, that is suitable for revising the document
|
|---|
| 3495 | straightforwardly with generic text editors or (for images
|
|---|
| 3496 | composed of pixels) generic paint programs or (for drawings) some
|
|---|
| 3497 | widely available drawing editor, and that is suitable for input to
|
|---|
| 3498 | text formatters or for automatic translation to a variety of
|
|---|
| 3499 | formats suitable for input to text formatters. A copy made in an
|
|---|
| 3500 | otherwise Transparent file format whose markup, or absence of
|
|---|
| 3501 | markup, has been arranged to thwart or discourage subsequent
|
|---|
| 3502 | modification by readers is not Transparent. An image format is
|
|---|
| 3503 | not Transparent if used for any substantial amount of text. A
|
|---|
| 3504 | copy that is not "Transparent" is called "Opaque".
|
|---|
| 3505 |
|
|---|
| 3506 | Examples of suitable formats for Transparent copies include plain
|
|---|
| 3507 | ASCII without markup, Texinfo input format, LaTeX input format,
|
|---|
| 3508 | SGML or XML using a publicly available DTD, and
|
|---|
| 3509 | standard-conforming simple HTML, PostScript or PDF designed for
|
|---|
| 3510 | human modification. Examples of transparent image formats include
|
|---|
| 3511 | PNG, XCF and JPG. Opaque formats include proprietary formats that
|
|---|
| 3512 | can be read and edited only by proprietary word processors, SGML or
|
|---|
| 3513 | XML for which the DTD and/or processing tools are not generally
|
|---|
| 3514 | available, and the machine-generated HTML, PostScript or PDF
|
|---|
| 3515 | produced by some word processors for output purposes only.
|
|---|
| 3516 |
|
|---|
| 3517 | The "Title Page" means, for a printed book, the title page itself,
|
|---|
| 3518 | plus such following pages as are needed to hold, legibly, the
|
|---|
| 3519 | material this License requires to appear in the title page. For
|
|---|
| 3520 | works in formats which do not have any title page as such, "Title
|
|---|
| 3521 | Page" means the text near the most prominent appearance of the
|
|---|
| 3522 | work's title, preceding the beginning of the body of the text.
|
|---|
| 3523 |
|
|---|
| 3524 | The "publisher" means any person or entity that distributes copies
|
|---|
| 3525 | of the Document to the public.
|
|---|
| 3526 |
|
|---|
| 3527 | A section "Entitled XYZ" means a named subunit of the Document
|
|---|
| 3528 | whose title either is precisely XYZ or contains XYZ in parentheses
|
|---|
| 3529 | following text that translates XYZ in another language. (Here XYZ
|
|---|
| 3530 | stands for a specific section name mentioned below, such as
|
|---|
| 3531 | "Acknowledgements", "Dedications", "Endorsements", or "History".)
|
|---|
| 3532 | To "Preserve the Title" of such a section when you modify the
|
|---|
| 3533 | Document means that it remains a section "Entitled XYZ" according
|
|---|
| 3534 | to this definition.
|
|---|
| 3535 |
|
|---|
| 3536 | The Document may include Warranty Disclaimers next to the notice
|
|---|
| 3537 | which states that this License applies to the Document. These
|
|---|
| 3538 | Warranty Disclaimers are considered to be included by reference in
|
|---|
| 3539 | this License, but only as regards disclaiming warranties: any other
|
|---|
| 3540 | implication that these Warranty Disclaimers may have is void and
|
|---|
| 3541 | has no effect on the meaning of this License.
|
|---|
| 3542 |
|
|---|
| 3543 | 2. VERBATIM COPYING
|
|---|
| 3544 |
|
|---|
| 3545 | You may copy and distribute the Document in any medium, either
|
|---|
| 3546 | commercially or noncommercially, provided that this License, the
|
|---|
| 3547 | copyright notices, and the license notice saying this License
|
|---|
| 3548 | applies to the Document are reproduced in all copies, and that you
|
|---|
| 3549 | add no other conditions whatsoever to those of this License. You
|
|---|
| 3550 | may not use technical measures to obstruct or control the reading
|
|---|
| 3551 | or further copying of the copies you make or distribute. However,
|
|---|
| 3552 | you may accept compensation in exchange for copies. If you
|
|---|
| 3553 | distribute a large enough number of copies you must also follow
|
|---|
| 3554 | the conditions in section 3.
|
|---|
| 3555 |
|
|---|
| 3556 | You may also lend copies, under the same conditions stated above,
|
|---|
| 3557 | and you may publicly display copies.
|
|---|
| 3558 |
|
|---|
| 3559 | 3. COPYING IN QUANTITY
|
|---|
| 3560 |
|
|---|
| 3561 | If you publish printed copies (or copies in media that commonly
|
|---|
| 3562 | have printed covers) of the Document, numbering more than 100, and
|
|---|
| 3563 | the Document's license notice requires Cover Texts, you must
|
|---|
| 3564 | enclose the copies in covers that carry, clearly and legibly, all
|
|---|
| 3565 | these Cover Texts: Front-Cover Texts on the front cover, and
|
|---|
| 3566 | Back-Cover Texts on the back cover. Both covers must also clearly
|
|---|
| 3567 | and legibly identify you as the publisher of these copies. The
|
|---|
| 3568 | front cover must present the full title with all words of the
|
|---|
| 3569 | title equally prominent and visible. You may add other material
|
|---|
| 3570 | on the covers in addition. Copying with changes limited to the
|
|---|
| 3571 | covers, as long as they preserve the title of the Document and
|
|---|
| 3572 | satisfy these conditions, can be treated as verbatim copying in
|
|---|
| 3573 | other respects.
|
|---|
| 3574 |
|
|---|
| 3575 | If the required texts for either cover are too voluminous to fit
|
|---|
| 3576 | legibly, you should put the first ones listed (as many as fit
|
|---|
| 3577 | reasonably) on the actual cover, and continue the rest onto
|
|---|
| 3578 | adjacent pages.
|
|---|
| 3579 |
|
|---|
| 3580 | If you publish or distribute Opaque copies of the Document
|
|---|
| 3581 | numbering more than 100, you must either include a
|
|---|
| 3582 | machine-readable Transparent copy along with each Opaque copy, or
|
|---|
| 3583 | state in or with each Opaque copy a computer-network location from
|
|---|
| 3584 | which the general network-using public has access to download
|
|---|
| 3585 | using public-standard network protocols a complete Transparent
|
|---|
| 3586 | copy of the Document, free of added material. If you use the
|
|---|
| 3587 | latter option, you must take reasonably prudent steps, when you
|
|---|
| 3588 | begin distribution of Opaque copies in quantity, to ensure that
|
|---|
| 3589 | this Transparent copy will remain thus accessible at the stated
|
|---|
| 3590 | location until at least one year after the last time you
|
|---|
| 3591 | distribute an Opaque copy (directly or through your agents or
|
|---|
| 3592 | retailers) of that edition to the public.
|
|---|
| 3593 |
|
|---|
| 3594 | It is requested, but not required, that you contact the authors of
|
|---|
| 3595 | the Document well before redistributing any large number of
|
|---|
| 3596 | copies, to give them a chance to provide you with an updated
|
|---|
| 3597 | version of the Document.
|
|---|
| 3598 |
|
|---|
| 3599 | 4. MODIFICATIONS
|
|---|
| 3600 |
|
|---|
| 3601 | You may copy and distribute a Modified Version of the Document
|
|---|
| 3602 | under the conditions of sections 2 and 3 above, provided that you
|
|---|
| 3603 | release the Modified Version under precisely this License, with
|
|---|
| 3604 | the Modified Version filling the role of the Document, thus
|
|---|
| 3605 | licensing distribution and modification of the Modified Version to
|
|---|
| 3606 | whoever possesses a copy of it. In addition, you must do these
|
|---|
| 3607 | things in the Modified Version:
|
|---|
| 3608 |
|
|---|
| 3609 | A. Use in the Title Page (and on the covers, if any) a title
|
|---|
| 3610 | distinct from that of the Document, and from those of
|
|---|
| 3611 | previous versions (which should, if there were any, be listed
|
|---|
| 3612 | in the History section of the Document). You may use the
|
|---|
| 3613 | same title as a previous version if the original publisher of
|
|---|
| 3614 | that version gives permission.
|
|---|
| 3615 |
|
|---|
| 3616 | B. List on the Title Page, as authors, one or more persons or
|
|---|
| 3617 | entities responsible for authorship of the modifications in
|
|---|
| 3618 | the Modified Version, together with at least five of the
|
|---|
| 3619 | principal authors of the Document (all of its principal
|
|---|
| 3620 | authors, if it has fewer than five), unless they release you
|
|---|
| 3621 | from this requirement.
|
|---|
| 3622 |
|
|---|
| 3623 | C. State on the Title page the name of the publisher of the
|
|---|
| 3624 | Modified Version, as the publisher.
|
|---|
| 3625 |
|
|---|
| 3626 | D. Preserve all the copyright notices of the Document.
|
|---|
| 3627 |
|
|---|
| 3628 | E. Add an appropriate copyright notice for your modifications
|
|---|
| 3629 | adjacent to the other copyright notices.
|
|---|
| 3630 |
|
|---|
| 3631 | F. Include, immediately after the copyright notices, a license
|
|---|
| 3632 | notice giving the public permission to use the Modified
|
|---|
| 3633 | Version under the terms of this License, in the form shown in
|
|---|
| 3634 | the Addendum below.
|
|---|
| 3635 |
|
|---|
| 3636 | G. Preserve in that license notice the full lists of Invariant
|
|---|
| 3637 | Sections and required Cover Texts given in the Document's
|
|---|
| 3638 | license notice.
|
|---|
| 3639 |
|
|---|
| 3640 | H. Include an unaltered copy of this License.
|
|---|
| 3641 |
|
|---|
| 3642 | I. Preserve the section Entitled "History", Preserve its Title,
|
|---|
| 3643 | and add to it an item stating at least the title, year, new
|
|---|
| 3644 | authors, and publisher of the Modified Version as given on
|
|---|
| 3645 | the Title Page. If there is no section Entitled "History" in
|
|---|
| 3646 | the Document, create one stating the title, year, authors,
|
|---|
| 3647 | and publisher of the Document as given on its Title Page,
|
|---|
| 3648 | then add an item describing the Modified Version as stated in
|
|---|
| 3649 | the previous sentence.
|
|---|
| 3650 |
|
|---|
| 3651 | J. Preserve the network location, if any, given in the Document
|
|---|
| 3652 | for public access to a Transparent copy of the Document, and
|
|---|
| 3653 | likewise the network locations given in the Document for
|
|---|
| 3654 | previous versions it was based on. These may be placed in
|
|---|
| 3655 | the "History" section. You may omit a network location for a
|
|---|
| 3656 | work that was published at least four years before the
|
|---|
| 3657 | Document itself, or if the original publisher of the version
|
|---|
| 3658 | it refers to gives permission.
|
|---|
| 3659 |
|
|---|
| 3660 | K. For any section Entitled "Acknowledgements" or "Dedications",
|
|---|
| 3661 | Preserve the Title of the section, and preserve in the
|
|---|
| 3662 | section all the substance and tone of each of the contributor
|
|---|
| 3663 | acknowledgements and/or dedications given therein.
|
|---|
| 3664 |
|
|---|
| 3665 | L. Preserve all the Invariant Sections of the Document,
|
|---|
| 3666 | unaltered in their text and in their titles. Section numbers
|
|---|
| 3667 | or the equivalent are not considered part of the section
|
|---|
| 3668 | titles.
|
|---|
| 3669 |
|
|---|
| 3670 | M. Delete any section Entitled "Endorsements". Such a section
|
|---|
| 3671 | may not be included in the Modified Version.
|
|---|
| 3672 |
|
|---|
| 3673 | N. Do not retitle any existing section to be Entitled
|
|---|
| 3674 | "Endorsements" or to conflict in title with any Invariant
|
|---|
| 3675 | Section.
|
|---|
| 3676 |
|
|---|
| 3677 | O. Preserve any Warranty Disclaimers.
|
|---|
| 3678 |
|
|---|
| 3679 | If the Modified Version includes new front-matter sections or
|
|---|
| 3680 | appendices that qualify as Secondary Sections and contain no
|
|---|
| 3681 | material copied from the Document, you may at your option
|
|---|
| 3682 | designate some or all of these sections as invariant. To do this,
|
|---|
| 3683 | add their titles to the list of Invariant Sections in the Modified
|
|---|
| 3684 | Version's license notice. These titles must be distinct from any
|
|---|
| 3685 | other section titles.
|
|---|
| 3686 |
|
|---|
| 3687 | You may add a section Entitled "Endorsements", provided it contains
|
|---|
| 3688 | nothing but endorsements of your Modified Version by various
|
|---|
| 3689 | parties--for example, statements of peer review or that the text
|
|---|
| 3690 | has been approved by an organization as the authoritative
|
|---|
| 3691 | definition of a standard.
|
|---|
| 3692 |
|
|---|
| 3693 | You may add a passage of up to five words as a Front-Cover Text,
|
|---|
| 3694 | and a passage of up to 25 words as a Back-Cover Text, to the end
|
|---|
| 3695 | of the list of Cover Texts in the Modified Version. Only one
|
|---|
| 3696 | passage of Front-Cover Text and one of Back-Cover Text may be
|
|---|
| 3697 | added by (or through arrangements made by) any one entity. If the
|
|---|
| 3698 | Document already includes a cover text for the same cover,
|
|---|
| 3699 | previously added by you or by arrangement made by the same entity
|
|---|
| 3700 | you are acting on behalf of, you may not add another; but you may
|
|---|
| 3701 | replace the old one, on explicit permission from the previous
|
|---|
| 3702 | publisher that added the old one.
|
|---|
| 3703 |
|
|---|
| 3704 | The author(s) and publisher(s) of the Document do not by this
|
|---|
| 3705 | License give permission to use their names for publicity for or to
|
|---|
| 3706 | assert or imply endorsement of any Modified Version.
|
|---|
| 3707 |
|
|---|
| 3708 | 5. COMBINING DOCUMENTS
|
|---|
| 3709 |
|
|---|
| 3710 | You may combine the Document with other documents released under
|
|---|
| 3711 | this License, under the terms defined in section 4 above for
|
|---|
| 3712 | modified versions, provided that you include in the combination
|
|---|
| 3713 | all of the Invariant Sections of all of the original documents,
|
|---|
| 3714 | unmodified, and list them all as Invariant Sections of your
|
|---|
| 3715 | combined work in its license notice, and that you preserve all
|
|---|
| 3716 | their Warranty Disclaimers.
|
|---|
| 3717 |
|
|---|
| 3718 | The combined work need only contain one copy of this License, and
|
|---|
| 3719 | multiple identical Invariant Sections may be replaced with a single
|
|---|
| 3720 | copy. If there are multiple Invariant Sections with the same name
|
|---|
| 3721 | but different contents, make the title of each such section unique
|
|---|
| 3722 | by adding at the end of it, in parentheses, the name of the
|
|---|
| 3723 | original author or publisher of that section if known, or else a
|
|---|
| 3724 | unique number. Make the same adjustment to the section titles in
|
|---|
| 3725 | the list of Invariant Sections in the license notice of the
|
|---|
| 3726 | combined work.
|
|---|
| 3727 |
|
|---|
| 3728 | In the combination, you must combine any sections Entitled
|
|---|
| 3729 | "History" in the various original documents, forming one section
|
|---|
| 3730 | Entitled "History"; likewise combine any sections Entitled
|
|---|
| 3731 | "Acknowledgements", and any sections Entitled "Dedications". You
|
|---|
| 3732 | must delete all sections Entitled "Endorsements."
|
|---|
| 3733 |
|
|---|
| 3734 | 6. COLLECTIONS OF DOCUMENTS
|
|---|
| 3735 |
|
|---|
| 3736 | You may make a collection consisting of the Document and other
|
|---|
| 3737 | documents released under this License, and replace the individual
|
|---|
| 3738 | copies of this License in the various documents with a single copy
|
|---|
| 3739 | that is included in the collection, provided that you follow the
|
|---|
| 3740 | rules of this License for verbatim copying of each of the
|
|---|
| 3741 | documents in all other respects.
|
|---|
| 3742 |
|
|---|
| 3743 | You may extract a single document from such a collection, and
|
|---|
| 3744 | distribute it individually under this License, provided you insert
|
|---|
| 3745 | a copy of this License into the extracted document, and follow
|
|---|
| 3746 | this License in all other respects regarding verbatim copying of
|
|---|
| 3747 | that document.
|
|---|
| 3748 |
|
|---|
| 3749 | 7. AGGREGATION WITH INDEPENDENT WORKS
|
|---|
| 3750 |
|
|---|
| 3751 | A compilation of the Document or its derivatives with other
|
|---|
| 3752 | separate and independent documents or works, in or on a volume of
|
|---|
| 3753 | a storage or distribution medium, is called an "aggregate" if the
|
|---|
| 3754 | copyright resulting from the compilation is not used to limit the
|
|---|
| 3755 | legal rights of the compilation's users beyond what the individual
|
|---|
| 3756 | works permit. When the Document is included in an aggregate, this
|
|---|
| 3757 | License does not apply to the other works in the aggregate which
|
|---|
| 3758 | are not themselves derivative works of the Document.
|
|---|
| 3759 |
|
|---|
| 3760 | If the Cover Text requirement of section 3 is applicable to these
|
|---|
| 3761 | copies of the Document, then if the Document is less than one half
|
|---|
| 3762 | of the entire aggregate, the Document's Cover Texts may be placed
|
|---|
| 3763 | on covers that bracket the Document within the aggregate, or the
|
|---|
| 3764 | electronic equivalent of covers if the Document is in electronic
|
|---|
| 3765 | form. Otherwise they must appear on printed covers that bracket
|
|---|
| 3766 | the whole aggregate.
|
|---|
| 3767 |
|
|---|
| 3768 | 8. TRANSLATION
|
|---|
| 3769 |
|
|---|
| 3770 | Translation is considered a kind of modification, so you may
|
|---|
| 3771 | distribute translations of the Document under the terms of section
|
|---|
| 3772 | 4. Replacing Invariant Sections with translations requires special
|
|---|
| 3773 | permission from their copyright holders, but you may include
|
|---|
| 3774 | translations of some or all Invariant Sections in addition to the
|
|---|
| 3775 | original versions of these Invariant Sections. You may include a
|
|---|
| 3776 | translation of this License, and all the license notices in the
|
|---|
| 3777 | Document, and any Warranty Disclaimers, provided that you also
|
|---|
| 3778 | include the original English version of this License and the
|
|---|
| 3779 | original versions of those notices and disclaimers. In case of a
|
|---|
| 3780 | disagreement between the translation and the original version of
|
|---|
| 3781 | this License or a notice or disclaimer, the original version will
|
|---|
| 3782 | prevail.
|
|---|
| 3783 |
|
|---|
| 3784 | If a section in the Document is Entitled "Acknowledgements",
|
|---|
| 3785 | "Dedications", or "History", the requirement (section 4) to
|
|---|
| 3786 | Preserve its Title (section 1) will typically require changing the
|
|---|
| 3787 | actual title.
|
|---|
| 3788 |
|
|---|
| 3789 | 9. TERMINATION
|
|---|
| 3790 |
|
|---|
| 3791 | You may not copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute the Document
|
|---|
| 3792 | except as expressly provided under this License. Any attempt
|
|---|
| 3793 | otherwise to copy, modify, sublicense, or distribute it is void,
|
|---|
| 3794 | and will automatically terminate your rights under this License.
|
|---|
| 3795 |
|
|---|
| 3796 | However, if you cease all violation of this License, then your
|
|---|
| 3797 | license from a particular copyright holder is reinstated (a)
|
|---|
| 3798 | provisionally, unless and until the copyright holder explicitly
|
|---|
| 3799 | and finally terminates your license, and (b) permanently, if the
|
|---|
| 3800 | copyright holder fails to notify you of the violation by some
|
|---|
| 3801 | reasonable means prior to 60 days after the cessation.
|
|---|
| 3802 |
|
|---|
| 3803 | Moreover, your license from a particular copyright holder is
|
|---|
| 3804 | reinstated permanently if the copyright holder notifies you of the
|
|---|
| 3805 | violation by some reasonable means, this is the first time you have
|
|---|
| 3806 | received notice of violation of this License (for any work) from
|
|---|
| 3807 | that copyright holder, and you cure the violation prior to 30 days
|
|---|
| 3808 | after your receipt of the notice.
|
|---|
| 3809 |
|
|---|
| 3810 | Termination of your rights under this section does not terminate
|
|---|
| 3811 | the licenses of parties who have received copies or rights from
|
|---|
| 3812 | you under this License. If your rights have been terminated and
|
|---|
| 3813 | not permanently reinstated, receipt of a copy of some or all of
|
|---|
| 3814 | the same material does not give you any rights to use it.
|
|---|
| 3815 |
|
|---|
| 3816 | 10. FUTURE REVISIONS OF THIS LICENSE
|
|---|
| 3817 |
|
|---|
| 3818 | The Free Software Foundation may publish new, revised versions of
|
|---|
| 3819 | the GNU Free Documentation License from time to time. Such new
|
|---|
| 3820 | versions will be similar in spirit to the present version, but may
|
|---|
| 3821 | differ in detail to address new problems or concerns. See
|
|---|
| 3822 | `http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/'.
|
|---|
| 3823 |
|
|---|
| 3824 | Each version of the License is given a distinguishing version
|
|---|
| 3825 | number. If the Document specifies that a particular numbered
|
|---|
| 3826 | version of this License "or any later version" applies to it, you
|
|---|
| 3827 | have the option of following the terms and conditions either of
|
|---|
| 3828 | that specified version or of any later version that has been
|
|---|
| 3829 | published (not as a draft) by the Free Software Foundation. If
|
|---|
| 3830 | the Document does not specify a version number of this License,
|
|---|
| 3831 | you may choose any version ever published (not as a draft) by the
|
|---|
| 3832 | Free Software Foundation. If the Document specifies that a proxy
|
|---|
| 3833 | can decide which future versions of this License can be used, that
|
|---|
| 3834 | proxy's public statement of acceptance of a version permanently
|
|---|
| 3835 | authorizes you to choose that version for the Document.
|
|---|
| 3836 |
|
|---|
| 3837 | 11. RELICENSING
|
|---|
| 3838 |
|
|---|
| 3839 | "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration Site" (or "MMC Site") means any
|
|---|
| 3840 | World Wide Web server that publishes copyrightable works and also
|
|---|
| 3841 | provides prominent facilities for anybody to edit those works. A
|
|---|
| 3842 | public wiki that anybody can edit is an example of such a server.
|
|---|
| 3843 | A "Massive Multiauthor Collaboration" (or "MMC") contained in the
|
|---|
| 3844 | site means any set of copyrightable works thus published on the MMC
|
|---|
| 3845 | site.
|
|---|
| 3846 |
|
|---|
| 3847 | "CC-BY-SA" means the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0
|
|---|
| 3848 | license published by Creative Commons Corporation, a not-for-profit
|
|---|
| 3849 | corporation with a principal place of business in San Francisco,
|
|---|
| 3850 | California, as well as future copyleft versions of that license
|
|---|
| 3851 | published by that same organization.
|
|---|
| 3852 |
|
|---|
| 3853 | "Incorporate" means to publish or republish a Document, in whole or
|
|---|
| 3854 | in part, as part of another Document.
|
|---|
| 3855 |
|
|---|
| 3856 | An MMC is "eligible for relicensing" if it is licensed under this
|
|---|
| 3857 | License, and if all works that were first published under this
|
|---|
| 3858 | License somewhere other than this MMC, and subsequently
|
|---|
| 3859 | incorporated in whole or in part into the MMC, (1) had no cover
|
|---|
| 3860 | texts or invariant sections, and (2) were thus incorporated prior
|
|---|
| 3861 | to November 1, 2008.
|
|---|
| 3862 |
|
|---|
| 3863 | The operator of an MMC Site may republish an MMC contained in the
|
|---|
| 3864 | site under CC-BY-SA on the same site at any time before August 1,
|
|---|
| 3865 | 2009, provided the MMC is eligible for relicensing.
|
|---|
| 3866 |
|
|---|
| 3867 |
|
|---|
| 3868 | ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
|
|---|
| 3869 | ====================================================
|
|---|
| 3870 |
|
|---|
| 3871 | To use this License in a document you have written, include a copy of
|
|---|
| 3872 | the License in the document and put the following copyright and license
|
|---|
| 3873 | notices just after the title page:
|
|---|
| 3874 |
|
|---|
| 3875 | Copyright (C) YEAR YOUR NAME.
|
|---|
| 3876 | Permission is granted to copy, distribute and/or modify this document
|
|---|
| 3877 | under the terms of the GNU Free Documentation License, Version 1.3
|
|---|
| 3878 | or any later version published by the Free Software Foundation;
|
|---|
| 3879 | with no Invariant Sections, no Front-Cover Texts, and no Back-Cover
|
|---|
| 3880 | Texts. A copy of the license is included in the section entitled ``GNU
|
|---|
| 3881 | Free Documentation License''.
|
|---|
| 3882 |
|
|---|
| 3883 | If you have Invariant Sections, Front-Cover Texts and Back-Cover
|
|---|
| 3884 | Texts, replace the "with...Texts." line with this:
|
|---|
| 3885 |
|
|---|
| 3886 | with the Invariant Sections being LIST THEIR TITLES, with
|
|---|
| 3887 | the Front-Cover Texts being LIST, and with the Back-Cover Texts
|
|---|
| 3888 | being LIST.
|
|---|
| 3889 |
|
|---|
| 3890 | If you have Invariant Sections without Cover Texts, or some other
|
|---|
| 3891 | combination of the three, merge those two alternatives to suit the
|
|---|
| 3892 | situation.
|
|---|
| 3893 |
|
|---|
| 3894 | If your document contains nontrivial examples of program code, we
|
|---|
| 3895 | recommend releasing these examples in parallel under your choice of
|
|---|
| 3896 | free software license, such as the GNU General Public License, to
|
|---|
| 3897 | permit their use in free software.
|
|---|
| 3898 |
|
|---|
| 3899 |
|
|---|
| 3900 | File: make.info, Node: Concept Index, Next: Name Index, Prev: GNU Free Documentation License, Up: Top
|
|---|
| 3901 |
|
|---|
| 3902 | Index of Concepts
|
|---|
| 3903 | *****************
|
|---|
| 3904 |
|
|---|
| 3905 | [index]
|
|---|
| 3906 | * Menu:
|
|---|
| 3907 |
|
|---|
| 3908 | * # (comments), in makefile: Makefile Contents. (line 42)
|
|---|
| 3909 | * # (comments), in recipes: Recipe Syntax. (line 29)
|
|---|
| 3910 | * #include: Automatic Prerequisites.
|
|---|
| 3911 | (line 16)
|
|---|
| 3912 | * $, in function call: Syntax of Functions. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 3913 | * $, in rules: Rule Syntax. (line 34)
|
|---|
| 3914 | * $, in variable name: Computed Names. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 3915 | * $, in variable reference: Reference. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 3916 | * %, in pattern rules: Pattern Intro. (line 9)
|
|---|
| 3917 | * %, quoting in patsubst: Text Functions. (line 26)
|
|---|
| 3918 | * %, quoting in static pattern: Static Usage. (line 37)
|
|---|
| 3919 | * %, quoting in vpath: Selective Search. (line 38)
|
|---|
| 3920 | * %, quoting with \ (backslash) <1>: Text Functions. (line 26)
|
|---|
| 3921 | * %, quoting with \ (backslash) <2>: Static Usage. (line 37)
|
|---|
| 3922 | * %, quoting with \ (backslash): Selective Search. (line 38)
|
|---|
| 3923 | * * (wildcard character): Wildcards. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 3924 | * +, and define: Canned Recipes. (line 49)
|
|---|
| 3925 | * +, and recipe execution: Instead of Execution.
|
|---|
| 3926 | (line 60)
|
|---|
| 3927 | * +, and recipes: MAKE Variable. (line 18)
|
|---|
| 3928 | * +=: Appending. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 3929 | * +=, expansion: Reading Makefiles. (line 33)
|
|---|
| 3930 | * ,v (RCS file extension): Catalogue of Rules. (line 164)
|
|---|
| 3931 | * - (in recipes): Errors. (line 19)
|
|---|
| 3932 | * -, and define: Canned Recipes. (line 49)
|
|---|
| 3933 | * --always-make: Options Summary. (line 15)
|
|---|
| 3934 | * --assume-new <1>: Options Summary. (line 248)
|
|---|
| 3935 | * --assume-new: Instead of Execution.
|
|---|
| 3936 | (line 35)
|
|---|
| 3937 | * --assume-new, and recursion: Options/Recursion. (line 22)
|
|---|
| 3938 | * --assume-old <1>: Options Summary. (line 154)
|
|---|
| 3939 | * --assume-old: Avoiding Compilation.
|
|---|
| 3940 | (line 6)
|
|---|
| 3941 | * --assume-old, and recursion: Options/Recursion. (line 22)
|
|---|
| 3942 | * --check-symlink-times: Options Summary. (line 136)
|
|---|
| 3943 | * --debug: Options Summary. (line 42)
|
|---|
| 3944 | * --directory <1>: Options Summary. (line 26)
|
|---|
| 3945 | * --directory: Recursion. (line 20)
|
|---|
| 3946 | * --directory, and --print-directory: -w Option. (line 20)
|
|---|
| 3947 | * --directory, and recursion: Options/Recursion. (line 22)
|
|---|
| 3948 | * --dry-run <1>: Options Summary. (line 146)
|
|---|
| 3949 | * --dry-run <2>: Instead of Execution.
|
|---|
| 3950 | (line 14)
|
|---|
| 3951 | * --dry-run: Echoing. (line 18)
|
|---|
| 3952 | * --environment-overrides: Options Summary. (line 78)
|
|---|
| 3953 | * --eval: Options Summary. (line 83)
|
|---|
| 3954 | * --file <1>: Options Summary. (line 90)
|
|---|
| 3955 | * --file <2>: Makefile Arguments. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 3956 | * --file: Makefile Names. (line 23)
|
|---|
| 3957 | * --file, and recursion: Options/Recursion. (line 22)
|
|---|
| 3958 | * --help: Options Summary. (line 96)
|
|---|
| 3959 | * --ignore-errors <1>: Options Summary. (line 100)
|
|---|
| 3960 | * --ignore-errors: Errors. (line 30)
|
|---|
| 3961 | * --include-dir <1>: Options Summary. (line 105)
|
|---|
| 3962 | * --include-dir: Include. (line 53)
|
|---|
| 3963 | * --jobs <1>: Options Summary. (line 112)
|
|---|
| 3964 | * --jobs: Parallel. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 3965 | * --jobs, and recursion: Options/Recursion. (line 25)
|
|---|
| 3966 | * --just-print <1>: Options Summary. (line 145)
|
|---|
| 3967 | * --just-print <2>: Instead of Execution.
|
|---|
| 3968 | (line 14)
|
|---|
| 3969 | * --just-print: Echoing. (line 18)
|
|---|
| 3970 | * --keep-going <1>: Options Summary. (line 121)
|
|---|
| 3971 | * --keep-going <2>: Testing. (line 16)
|
|---|
| 3972 | * --keep-going: Errors. (line 47)
|
|---|
| 3973 | * --load-average <1>: Options Summary. (line 128)
|
|---|
| 3974 | * --load-average: Parallel. (line 58)
|
|---|
| 3975 | * --makefile <1>: Options Summary. (line 91)
|
|---|
| 3976 | * --makefile <2>: Makefile Arguments. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 3977 | * --makefile: Makefile Names. (line 23)
|
|---|
| 3978 | * --max-load <1>: Options Summary. (line 129)
|
|---|
| 3979 | * --max-load: Parallel. (line 58)
|
|---|
| 3980 | * --new-file <1>: Options Summary. (line 247)
|
|---|
| 3981 | * --new-file: Instead of Execution.
|
|---|
| 3982 | (line 35)
|
|---|
| 3983 | * --new-file, and recursion: Options/Recursion. (line 22)
|
|---|
| 3984 | * --no-builtin-rules: Options Summary. (line 182)
|
|---|
| 3985 | * --no-builtin-variables: Options Summary. (line 195)
|
|---|
| 3986 | * --no-keep-going: Options Summary. (line 210)
|
|---|
| 3987 | * --no-print-directory <1>: Options Summary. (line 239)
|
|---|
| 3988 | * --no-print-directory: -w Option. (line 20)
|
|---|
| 3989 | * --old-file <1>: Options Summary. (line 153)
|
|---|
| 3990 | * --old-file: Avoiding Compilation.
|
|---|
| 3991 | (line 6)
|
|---|
| 3992 | * --old-file, and recursion: Options/Recursion. (line 22)
|
|---|
| 3993 | * --print-data-base: Options Summary. (line 162)
|
|---|
| 3994 | * --print-directory: Options Summary. (line 231)
|
|---|
| 3995 | * --print-directory, and --directory: -w Option. (line 20)
|
|---|
| 3996 | * --print-directory, and recursion: -w Option. (line 20)
|
|---|
| 3997 | * --print-directory, disabling: -w Option. (line 20)
|
|---|
| 3998 | * --question <1>: Options Summary. (line 174)
|
|---|
| 3999 | * --question: Instead of Execution.
|
|---|
| 4000 | (line 27)
|
|---|
| 4001 | * --quiet <1>: Options Summary. (line 205)
|
|---|
| 4002 | * --quiet: Echoing. (line 24)
|
|---|
| 4003 | * --recon <1>: Options Summary. (line 147)
|
|---|
| 4004 | * --recon <2>: Instead of Execution.
|
|---|
| 4005 | (line 14)
|
|---|
| 4006 | * --recon: Echoing. (line 18)
|
|---|
| 4007 | * --silent <1>: Options Summary. (line 204)
|
|---|
| 4008 | * --silent: Echoing. (line 24)
|
|---|
| 4009 | * --stop: Options Summary. (line 211)
|
|---|
| 4010 | * --touch <1>: Options Summary. (line 219)
|
|---|
| 4011 | * --touch: Instead of Execution.
|
|---|
| 4012 | (line 21)
|
|---|
| 4013 | * --touch, and recursion: MAKE Variable. (line 34)
|
|---|
| 4014 | * --version: Options Summary. (line 226)
|
|---|
| 4015 | * --warn-undefined-variables: Options Summary. (line 257)
|
|---|
| 4016 | * --what-if <1>: Options Summary. (line 246)
|
|---|
| 4017 | * --what-if: Instead of Execution.
|
|---|
| 4018 | (line 35)
|
|---|
| 4019 | * -B: Options Summary. (line 14)
|
|---|
| 4020 | * -b: Options Summary. (line 9)
|
|---|
| 4021 | * -C <1>: Options Summary. (line 25)
|
|---|
| 4022 | * -C: Recursion. (line 20)
|
|---|
| 4023 | * -C, and -w: -w Option. (line 20)
|
|---|
| 4024 | * -C, and recursion: Options/Recursion. (line 22)
|
|---|
| 4025 | * -d: Options Summary. (line 33)
|
|---|
| 4026 | * -e: Options Summary. (line 77)
|
|---|
| 4027 | * -e (shell flag): Automatic Prerequisites.
|
|---|
| 4028 | (line 66)
|
|---|
| 4029 | * -f <1>: Options Summary. (line 89)
|
|---|
| 4030 | * -f <2>: Makefile Arguments. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4031 | * -f: Makefile Names. (line 23)
|
|---|
| 4032 | * -f, and recursion: Options/Recursion. (line 22)
|
|---|
| 4033 | * -h: Options Summary. (line 95)
|
|---|
| 4034 | * -I: Options Summary. (line 104)
|
|---|
| 4035 | * -i <1>: Options Summary. (line 99)
|
|---|
| 4036 | * -i: Errors. (line 30)
|
|---|
| 4037 | * -I: Include. (line 53)
|
|---|
| 4038 | * -j <1>: Options Summary. (line 111)
|
|---|
| 4039 | * -j: Parallel. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4040 | * -j, and archive update: Archive Pitfalls. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4041 | * -j, and recursion: Options/Recursion. (line 25)
|
|---|
| 4042 | * -k <1>: Options Summary. (line 120)
|
|---|
| 4043 | * -k <2>: Testing. (line 16)
|
|---|
| 4044 | * -k: Errors. (line 47)
|
|---|
| 4045 | * -L: Options Summary. (line 135)
|
|---|
| 4046 | * -l: Options Summary. (line 127)
|
|---|
| 4047 | * -l (library search): Libraries/Search. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4048 | * -l (load average): Parallel. (line 58)
|
|---|
| 4049 | * -m: Options Summary. (line 10)
|
|---|
| 4050 | * -M (to compiler): Automatic Prerequisites.
|
|---|
| 4051 | (line 18)
|
|---|
| 4052 | * -MM (to GNU compiler): Automatic Prerequisites.
|
|---|
| 4053 | (line 68)
|
|---|
| 4054 | * -n <1>: Options Summary. (line 144)
|
|---|
| 4055 | * -n <2>: Instead of Execution.
|
|---|
| 4056 | (line 14)
|
|---|
| 4057 | * -n: Echoing. (line 18)
|
|---|
| 4058 | * -o <1>: Options Summary. (line 152)
|
|---|
| 4059 | * -o: Avoiding Compilation.
|
|---|
| 4060 | (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4061 | * -o, and recursion: Options/Recursion. (line 22)
|
|---|
| 4062 | * -p: Options Summary. (line 161)
|
|---|
| 4063 | * -q <1>: Options Summary. (line 173)
|
|---|
| 4064 | * -q: Instead of Execution.
|
|---|
| 4065 | (line 27)
|
|---|
| 4066 | * -R: Options Summary. (line 194)
|
|---|
| 4067 | * -r: Options Summary. (line 181)
|
|---|
| 4068 | * -S: Options Summary. (line 209)
|
|---|
| 4069 | * -s <1>: Options Summary. (line 203)
|
|---|
| 4070 | * -s: Echoing. (line 24)
|
|---|
| 4071 | * -t <1>: Options Summary. (line 218)
|
|---|
| 4072 | * -t: Instead of Execution.
|
|---|
| 4073 | (line 21)
|
|---|
| 4074 | * -t, and recursion: MAKE Variable. (line 34)
|
|---|
| 4075 | * -v: Options Summary. (line 225)
|
|---|
| 4076 | * -W: Options Summary. (line 245)
|
|---|
| 4077 | * -w: Options Summary. (line 230)
|
|---|
| 4078 | * -W: Instead of Execution.
|
|---|
| 4079 | (line 35)
|
|---|
| 4080 | * -w, and -C: -w Option. (line 20)
|
|---|
| 4081 | * -w, and recursion: -w Option. (line 20)
|
|---|
| 4082 | * -W, and recursion: Options/Recursion. (line 22)
|
|---|
| 4083 | * -w, disabling: -w Option. (line 20)
|
|---|
| 4084 | * .a (archives): Archive Suffix Rules.
|
|---|
| 4085 | (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4086 | * .C: Catalogue of Rules. (line 39)
|
|---|
| 4087 | * .c: Catalogue of Rules. (line 35)
|
|---|
| 4088 | * .cc: Catalogue of Rules. (line 39)
|
|---|
| 4089 | * .ch: Catalogue of Rules. (line 151)
|
|---|
| 4090 | * .cpp: Catalogue of Rules. (line 39)
|
|---|
| 4091 | * .d: Automatic Prerequisites.
|
|---|
| 4092 | (line 81)
|
|---|
| 4093 | * .def: Catalogue of Rules. (line 74)
|
|---|
| 4094 | * .dvi: Catalogue of Rules. (line 151)
|
|---|
| 4095 | * .F: Catalogue of Rules. (line 49)
|
|---|
| 4096 | * .f: Catalogue of Rules. (line 49)
|
|---|
| 4097 | * .info: Catalogue of Rules. (line 158)
|
|---|
| 4098 | * .l: Catalogue of Rules. (line 124)
|
|---|
| 4099 | * .LIBPATTERNS, and link libraries: Libraries/Search. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4100 | * .ln: Catalogue of Rules. (line 146)
|
|---|
| 4101 | * .mod: Catalogue of Rules. (line 74)
|
|---|
| 4102 | * .o: Catalogue of Rules. (line 35)
|
|---|
| 4103 | * .ONESHELL, use of: One Shell. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4104 | * .p: Catalogue of Rules. (line 45)
|
|---|
| 4105 | * .PRECIOUS intermediate files: Chained Rules. (line 56)
|
|---|
| 4106 | * .r: Catalogue of Rules. (line 49)
|
|---|
| 4107 | * .S: Catalogue of Rules. (line 82)
|
|---|
| 4108 | * .s: Catalogue of Rules. (line 79)
|
|---|
| 4109 | * .sh: Catalogue of Rules. (line 180)
|
|---|
| 4110 | * .SHELLFLAGS, value of: Choosing the Shell. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4111 | * .sym: Catalogue of Rules. (line 74)
|
|---|
| 4112 | * .tex: Catalogue of Rules. (line 151)
|
|---|
| 4113 | * .texi: Catalogue of Rules. (line 158)
|
|---|
| 4114 | * .texinfo: Catalogue of Rules. (line 158)
|
|---|
| 4115 | * .txinfo: Catalogue of Rules. (line 158)
|
|---|
| 4116 | * .w: Catalogue of Rules. (line 151)
|
|---|
| 4117 | * .web: Catalogue of Rules. (line 151)
|
|---|
| 4118 | * .y: Catalogue of Rules. (line 120)
|
|---|
| 4119 | * :: rules (double-colon): Double-Colon. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4120 | * := <1>: Setting. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4121 | * :=: Flavors. (line 56)
|
|---|
| 4122 | * = <1>: Setting. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4123 | * =: Flavors. (line 10)
|
|---|
| 4124 | * =, expansion: Reading Makefiles. (line 33)
|
|---|
| 4125 | * ? (wildcard character): Wildcards. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4126 | * ?= <1>: Setting. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4127 | * ?=: Flavors. (line 129)
|
|---|
| 4128 | * ?=, expansion: Reading Makefiles. (line 33)
|
|---|
| 4129 | * @ (in recipes): Echoing. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4130 | * @, and define: Canned Recipes. (line 49)
|
|---|
| 4131 | * [...] (wildcard characters): Wildcards. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4132 | * \ (backslash), for continuation lines: Simple Makefile. (line 40)
|
|---|
| 4133 | * \ (backslash), in recipes: Splitting Lines. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4134 | * \ (backslash), to quote % <1>: Text Functions. (line 26)
|
|---|
| 4135 | * \ (backslash), to quote % <2>: Static Usage. (line 37)
|
|---|
| 4136 | * \ (backslash), to quote %: Selective Search. (line 38)
|
|---|
| 4137 | * __.SYMDEF: Archive Symbols. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4138 | * abspath: File Name Functions. (line 121)
|
|---|
| 4139 | * algorithm for directory search: Search Algorithm. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4140 | * all (standard target): Goals. (line 72)
|
|---|
| 4141 | * appending to variables: Appending. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4142 | * ar: Implicit Variables. (line 40)
|
|---|
| 4143 | * archive: Archives. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4144 | * archive member targets: Archive Members. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4145 | * archive symbol directory updating: Archive Symbols. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4146 | * archive, and -j: Archive Pitfalls. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4147 | * archive, and parallel execution: Archive Pitfalls. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4148 | * archive, suffix rule for: Archive Suffix Rules.
|
|---|
| 4149 | (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4150 | * Arg list too long: Options/Recursion. (line 57)
|
|---|
| 4151 | * arguments of functions: Syntax of Functions. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4152 | * as <1>: Implicit Variables. (line 43)
|
|---|
| 4153 | * as: Catalogue of Rules. (line 79)
|
|---|
| 4154 | * assembly, rule to compile: Catalogue of Rules. (line 79)
|
|---|
| 4155 | * automatic generation of prerequisites <1>: Automatic Prerequisites.
|
|---|
| 4156 | (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4157 | * automatic generation of prerequisites: Include. (line 51)
|
|---|
| 4158 | * automatic variables: Automatic Variables. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4159 | * automatic variables in prerequisites: Automatic Variables. (line 17)
|
|---|
| 4160 | * backquotes: Shell Function. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4161 | * backslash (\), for continuation lines: Simple Makefile. (line 40)
|
|---|
| 4162 | * backslash (\), in recipes: Splitting Lines. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4163 | * backslash (\), to quote % <1>: Text Functions. (line 26)
|
|---|
| 4164 | * backslash (\), to quote % <2>: Static Usage. (line 37)
|
|---|
| 4165 | * backslash (\), to quote %: Selective Search. (line 38)
|
|---|
| 4166 | * backslashes in pathnames and wildcard expansion: Wildcard Pitfall.
|
|---|
| 4167 | (line 31)
|
|---|
| 4168 | * basename: File Name Functions. (line 57)
|
|---|
| 4169 | * binary packages: Install Command Categories.
|
|---|
| 4170 | (line 80)
|
|---|
| 4171 | * broken pipe: Parallel. (line 31)
|
|---|
| 4172 | * bugs, reporting: Bugs. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4173 | * built-in special targets: Special Targets. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4174 | * C++, rule to compile: Catalogue of Rules. (line 39)
|
|---|
| 4175 | * C, rule to compile: Catalogue of Rules. (line 35)
|
|---|
| 4176 | * canned recipes: Canned Recipes. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4177 | * cc <1>: Implicit Variables. (line 46)
|
|---|
| 4178 | * cc: Catalogue of Rules. (line 35)
|
|---|
| 4179 | * cd (shell command) <1>: MAKE Variable. (line 16)
|
|---|
| 4180 | * cd (shell command): Execution. (line 12)
|
|---|
| 4181 | * chains of rules: Chained Rules. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4182 | * check (standard target): Goals. (line 114)
|
|---|
| 4183 | * clean (standard target): Goals. (line 75)
|
|---|
| 4184 | * clean target <1>: Cleanup. (line 11)
|
|---|
| 4185 | * clean target: Simple Makefile. (line 84)
|
|---|
| 4186 | * cleaning up: Cleanup. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4187 | * clobber (standard target): Goals. (line 86)
|
|---|
| 4188 | * co <1>: Implicit Variables. (line 66)
|
|---|
| 4189 | * co: Catalogue of Rules. (line 164)
|
|---|
| 4190 | * combining rules by prerequisite: Combine By Prerequisite.
|
|---|
| 4191 | (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4192 | * command expansion: Shell Function. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4193 | * command line variable definitions, and recursion: Options/Recursion.
|
|---|
| 4194 | (line 17)
|
|---|
| 4195 | * command line variables: Overriding. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4196 | * commands, sequences of: Canned Recipes. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4197 | * comments, in makefile: Makefile Contents. (line 42)
|
|---|
| 4198 | * comments, in recipes: Recipe Syntax. (line 29)
|
|---|
| 4199 | * compatibility: Features. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4200 | * compatibility in exporting: Variables/Recursion. (line 105)
|
|---|
| 4201 | * compilation, testing: Testing. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4202 | * computed variable name: Computed Names. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4203 | * conditional expansion: Conditional Functions.
|
|---|
| 4204 | (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4205 | * conditional variable assignment: Flavors. (line 129)
|
|---|
| 4206 | * conditionals: Conditionals. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4207 | * continuation lines: Simple Makefile. (line 40)
|
|---|
| 4208 | * controlling make: Make Control Functions.
|
|---|
| 4209 | (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4210 | * conventions for makefiles: Makefile Conventions.
|
|---|
| 4211 | (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4212 | * ctangle <1>: Implicit Variables. (line 103)
|
|---|
| 4213 | * ctangle: Catalogue of Rules. (line 151)
|
|---|
| 4214 | * cweave <1>: Implicit Variables. (line 97)
|
|---|
| 4215 | * cweave: Catalogue of Rules. (line 151)
|
|---|
| 4216 | * data base of make rules: Options Summary. (line 162)
|
|---|
| 4217 | * deducing recipes (implicit rules): make Deduces. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4218 | * default directories for included makefiles: Include. (line 53)
|
|---|
| 4219 | * default goal <1>: Rules. (line 11)
|
|---|
| 4220 | * default goal: How Make Works. (line 11)
|
|---|
| 4221 | * default makefile name: Makefile Names. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4222 | * default rules, last-resort: Last Resort. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4223 | * define, expansion: Reading Makefiles. (line 33)
|
|---|
| 4224 | * defining variables verbatim: Multi-Line. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4225 | * deletion of target files <1>: Interrupts. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4226 | * deletion of target files: Errors. (line 64)
|
|---|
| 4227 | * directive: Makefile Contents. (line 28)
|
|---|
| 4228 | * directories, creating installation: Directory Variables. (line 20)
|
|---|
| 4229 | * directories, printing them: -w Option. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4230 | * directories, updating archive symbol: Archive Symbols. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4231 | * directory part: File Name Functions. (line 17)
|
|---|
| 4232 | * directory search (VPATH): Directory Search. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4233 | * directory search (VPATH), and implicit rules: Implicit/Search.
|
|---|
| 4234 | (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4235 | * directory search (VPATH), and link libraries: Libraries/Search.
|
|---|
| 4236 | (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4237 | * directory search (VPATH), and recipes: Recipes/Search. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4238 | * directory search algorithm: Search Algorithm. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4239 | * directory search, traditional (GPATH): Search Algorithm. (line 42)
|
|---|
| 4240 | * dist (standard target): Goals. (line 106)
|
|---|
| 4241 | * distclean (standard target): Goals. (line 84)
|
|---|
| 4242 | * dollar sign ($), in function call: Syntax of Functions. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4243 | * dollar sign ($), in rules: Rule Syntax. (line 34)
|
|---|
| 4244 | * dollar sign ($), in variable name: Computed Names. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4245 | * dollar sign ($), in variable reference: Reference. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4246 | * DOS, choosing a shell in: Choosing the Shell. (line 38)
|
|---|
| 4247 | * double-colon rules: Double-Colon. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4248 | * duplicate words, removing: Text Functions. (line 155)
|
|---|
| 4249 | * E2BIG: Options/Recursion. (line 57)
|
|---|
| 4250 | * echoing of recipes: Echoing. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4251 | * editor: Introduction. (line 22)
|
|---|
| 4252 | * Emacs (M-x compile): Errors. (line 62)
|
|---|
| 4253 | * empty recipes: Empty Recipes. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4254 | * empty targets: Empty Targets. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4255 | * environment: Environment. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4256 | * environment, and recursion: Variables/Recursion. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4257 | * environment, SHELL in: Choosing the Shell. (line 12)
|
|---|
| 4258 | * error, stopping on: Make Control Functions.
|
|---|
| 4259 | (line 11)
|
|---|
| 4260 | * errors (in recipes): Errors. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4261 | * errors with wildcards: Wildcard Pitfall. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4262 | * evaluating makefile syntax: Eval Function. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4263 | * execution, in parallel: Parallel. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4264 | * execution, instead of: Instead of Execution.
|
|---|
| 4265 | (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4266 | * execution, of recipes: Execution. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4267 | * exit status (errors): Errors. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4268 | * exit status of make: Running. (line 18)
|
|---|
| 4269 | * expansion, secondary: Secondary Expansion. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4270 | * explicit rule, definition of: Makefile Contents. (line 10)
|
|---|
| 4271 | * explicit rule, expansion: Reading Makefiles. (line 77)
|
|---|
| 4272 | * explicit rules, secondary expansion of: Secondary Expansion.
|
|---|
| 4273 | (line 106)
|
|---|
| 4274 | * exporting variables: Variables/Recursion. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4275 | * f77 <1>: Implicit Variables. (line 57)
|
|---|
| 4276 | * f77: Catalogue of Rules. (line 49)
|
|---|
| 4277 | * FDL, GNU Free Documentation License: GNU Free Documentation License.
|
|---|
| 4278 | (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4279 | * features of GNU make: Features. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4280 | * features, missing: Missing. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4281 | * file name functions: File Name Functions. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4282 | * file name of makefile: Makefile Names. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4283 | * file name of makefile, how to specify: Makefile Names. (line 30)
|
|---|
| 4284 | * file name prefix, adding: File Name Functions. (line 79)
|
|---|
| 4285 | * file name suffix: File Name Functions. (line 43)
|
|---|
| 4286 | * file name suffix, adding: File Name Functions. (line 68)
|
|---|
| 4287 | * file name with wildcards: Wildcards. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4288 | * file name, abspath of: File Name Functions. (line 121)
|
|---|
| 4289 | * file name, basename of: File Name Functions. (line 57)
|
|---|
| 4290 | * file name, directory part: File Name Functions. (line 17)
|
|---|
| 4291 | * file name, nondirectory part: File Name Functions. (line 27)
|
|---|
| 4292 | * file name, realpath of: File Name Functions. (line 114)
|
|---|
| 4293 | * files, assuming new: Instead of Execution.
|
|---|
| 4294 | (line 35)
|
|---|
| 4295 | * files, assuming old: Avoiding Compilation.
|
|---|
| 4296 | (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4297 | * files, avoiding recompilation of: Avoiding Compilation.
|
|---|
| 4298 | (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4299 | * files, intermediate: Chained Rules. (line 16)
|
|---|
| 4300 | * filtering out words: Text Functions. (line 132)
|
|---|
| 4301 | * filtering words: Text Functions. (line 114)
|
|---|
| 4302 | * finding strings: Text Functions. (line 103)
|
|---|
| 4303 | * flags: Options Summary. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4304 | * flags for compilers: Implicit Variables. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4305 | * flavor of variable: Flavor Function. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4306 | * flavors of variables: Flavors. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4307 | * FORCE: Force Targets. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4308 | * force targets: Force Targets. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4309 | * Fortran, rule to compile: Catalogue of Rules. (line 49)
|
|---|
| 4310 | * functions: Functions. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4311 | * functions, for controlling make: Make Control Functions.
|
|---|
| 4312 | (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4313 | * functions, for file names: File Name Functions. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4314 | * functions, for text: Text Functions. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4315 | * functions, syntax of: Syntax of Functions. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4316 | * functions, user defined: Call Function. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4317 | * g++ <1>: Implicit Variables. (line 49)
|
|---|
| 4318 | * g++: Catalogue of Rules. (line 39)
|
|---|
| 4319 | * gcc: Catalogue of Rules. (line 35)
|
|---|
| 4320 | * generating prerequisites automatically <1>: Automatic Prerequisites.
|
|---|
| 4321 | (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4322 | * generating prerequisites automatically: Include. (line 51)
|
|---|
| 4323 | * get <1>: Implicit Variables. (line 69)
|
|---|
| 4324 | * get: Catalogue of Rules. (line 173)
|
|---|
| 4325 | * globbing (wildcards): Wildcards. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4326 | * goal: How Make Works. (line 11)
|
|---|
| 4327 | * goal, default <1>: Rules. (line 11)
|
|---|
| 4328 | * goal, default: How Make Works. (line 11)
|
|---|
| 4329 | * goal, how to specify: Goals. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4330 | * home directory: Wildcards. (line 11)
|
|---|
| 4331 | * IEEE Standard 1003.2: Overview. (line 13)
|
|---|
| 4332 | * ifdef, expansion: Reading Makefiles. (line 67)
|
|---|
| 4333 | * ifeq, expansion: Reading Makefiles. (line 67)
|
|---|
| 4334 | * ifndef, expansion: Reading Makefiles. (line 67)
|
|---|
| 4335 | * ifneq, expansion: Reading Makefiles. (line 67)
|
|---|
| 4336 | * implicit rule: Implicit Rules. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4337 | * implicit rule, and directory search: Implicit/Search. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4338 | * implicit rule, and VPATH: Implicit/Search. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4339 | * implicit rule, definition of: Makefile Contents. (line 16)
|
|---|
| 4340 | * implicit rule, expansion: Reading Makefiles. (line 77)
|
|---|
| 4341 | * implicit rule, how to use: Using Implicit. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4342 | * implicit rule, introduction to: make Deduces. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4343 | * implicit rule, predefined: Catalogue of Rules. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4344 | * implicit rule, search algorithm: Implicit Rule Search.
|
|---|
| 4345 | (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4346 | * implicit rules, secondary expansion of: Secondary Expansion.
|
|---|
| 4347 | (line 146)
|
|---|
| 4348 | * included makefiles, default directories: Include. (line 53)
|
|---|
| 4349 | * including (MAKEFILE_LIST variable): Special Variables. (line 8)
|
|---|
| 4350 | * including (MAKEFILES variable): MAKEFILES Variable. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4351 | * including other makefiles: Include. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4352 | * incompatibilities: Missing. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4353 | * Info, rule to format: Catalogue of Rules. (line 158)
|
|---|
| 4354 | * inheritance, suppressing: Suppressing Inheritance.
|
|---|
| 4355 | (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4356 | * install (standard target): Goals. (line 92)
|
|---|
| 4357 | * installation directories, creating: Directory Variables. (line 20)
|
|---|
| 4358 | * installations, staged: DESTDIR. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4359 | * intermediate files: Chained Rules. (line 16)
|
|---|
| 4360 | * intermediate files, preserving: Chained Rules. (line 46)
|
|---|
| 4361 | * intermediate targets, explicit: Special Targets. (line 44)
|
|---|
| 4362 | * interrupt: Interrupts. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4363 | * job slots: Parallel. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4364 | * job slots, and recursion: Options/Recursion. (line 25)
|
|---|
| 4365 | * jobs, limiting based on load: Parallel. (line 58)
|
|---|
| 4366 | * joining lists of words: File Name Functions. (line 90)
|
|---|
| 4367 | * killing (interruption): Interrupts. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4368 | * last-resort default rules: Last Resort. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4369 | * ld: Catalogue of Rules. (line 86)
|
|---|
| 4370 | * lex <1>: Implicit Variables. (line 73)
|
|---|
| 4371 | * lex: Catalogue of Rules. (line 124)
|
|---|
| 4372 | * Lex, rule to run: Catalogue of Rules. (line 124)
|
|---|
| 4373 | * libraries for linking, directory search: Libraries/Search. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4374 | * library archive, suffix rule for: Archive Suffix Rules.
|
|---|
| 4375 | (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4376 | * limiting jobs based on load: Parallel. (line 58)
|
|---|
| 4377 | * link libraries, and directory search: Libraries/Search. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4378 | * link libraries, patterns matching: Libraries/Search. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4379 | * linking, predefined rule for: Catalogue of Rules. (line 86)
|
|---|
| 4380 | * lint <1>: Implicit Variables. (line 80)
|
|---|
| 4381 | * lint: Catalogue of Rules. (line 146)
|
|---|
| 4382 | * lint, rule to run: Catalogue of Rules. (line 146)
|
|---|
| 4383 | * list of all prerequisites: Automatic Variables. (line 61)
|
|---|
| 4384 | * list of changed prerequisites: Automatic Variables. (line 51)
|
|---|
| 4385 | * load average: Parallel. (line 58)
|
|---|
| 4386 | * loops in variable expansion: Flavors. (line 44)
|
|---|
| 4387 | * lpr (shell command) <1>: Empty Targets. (line 25)
|
|---|
| 4388 | * lpr (shell command): Wildcard Examples. (line 21)
|
|---|
| 4389 | * m2c <1>: Implicit Variables. (line 60)
|
|---|
| 4390 | * m2c: Catalogue of Rules. (line 74)
|
|---|
| 4391 | * macro: Using Variables. (line 10)
|
|---|
| 4392 | * make depend: Automatic Prerequisites.
|
|---|
| 4393 | (line 37)
|
|---|
| 4394 | * makefile: Introduction. (line 7)
|
|---|
| 4395 | * makefile name: Makefile Names. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4396 | * makefile name, how to specify: Makefile Names. (line 30)
|
|---|
| 4397 | * makefile rule parts: Rule Introduction. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4398 | * makefile syntax, evaluating: Eval Function. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4399 | * makefile, and MAKEFILES variable: MAKEFILES Variable. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4400 | * makefile, conventions for: Makefile Conventions.
|
|---|
| 4401 | (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4402 | * makefile, how make processes: How Make Works. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4403 | * makefile, how to write: Makefiles. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4404 | * makefile, including: Include. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4405 | * makefile, overriding: Overriding Makefiles.
|
|---|
| 4406 | (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4407 | * makefile, parsing: Reading Makefiles. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4408 | * makefile, remaking of: Remaking Makefiles. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4409 | * makefile, simple: Simple Makefile. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4410 | * makefiles, and MAKEFILE_LIST variable: Special Variables. (line 8)
|
|---|
| 4411 | * makefiles, and special variables: Special Variables. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4412 | * makeinfo <1>: Implicit Variables. (line 84)
|
|---|
| 4413 | * makeinfo: Catalogue of Rules. (line 158)
|
|---|
| 4414 | * match-anything rule: Match-Anything Rules.
|
|---|
| 4415 | (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4416 | * match-anything rule, used to override: Overriding Makefiles.
|
|---|
| 4417 | (line 12)
|
|---|
| 4418 | * missing features: Missing. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4419 | * mistakes with wildcards: Wildcard Pitfall. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4420 | * modified variable reference: Substitution Refs. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4421 | * Modula-2, rule to compile: Catalogue of Rules. (line 74)
|
|---|
| 4422 | * mostlyclean (standard target): Goals. (line 78)
|
|---|
| 4423 | * multi-line variable definition: Multi-Line. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4424 | * multiple rules for one target: Multiple Rules. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4425 | * multiple rules for one target (::): Double-Colon. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4426 | * multiple targets: Multiple Targets. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4427 | * multiple targets, in pattern rule: Pattern Intro. (line 53)
|
|---|
| 4428 | * name of makefile: Makefile Names. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4429 | * name of makefile, how to specify: Makefile Names. (line 30)
|
|---|
| 4430 | * nested variable reference: Computed Names. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4431 | * newline, quoting, in makefile: Simple Makefile. (line 40)
|
|---|
| 4432 | * newline, quoting, in recipes: Splitting Lines. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4433 | * nondirectory part: File Name Functions. (line 27)
|
|---|
| 4434 | * normal prerequisites: Prerequisite Types. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4435 | * OBJ: Variables Simplify. (line 20)
|
|---|
| 4436 | * obj: Variables Simplify. (line 20)
|
|---|
| 4437 | * OBJECTS: Variables Simplify. (line 20)
|
|---|
| 4438 | * objects: Variables Simplify. (line 14)
|
|---|
| 4439 | * OBJS: Variables Simplify. (line 20)
|
|---|
| 4440 | * objs: Variables Simplify. (line 20)
|
|---|
| 4441 | * old-fashioned suffix rules: Suffix Rules. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4442 | * options: Options Summary. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4443 | * options, and recursion: Options/Recursion. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4444 | * options, setting from environment: Options/Recursion. (line 81)
|
|---|
| 4445 | * options, setting in makefiles: Options/Recursion. (line 81)
|
|---|
| 4446 | * order of pattern rules: Pattern Match. (line 30)
|
|---|
| 4447 | * order-only prerequisites: Prerequisite Types. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4448 | * origin of variable: Origin Function. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4449 | * overriding makefiles: Overriding Makefiles.
|
|---|
| 4450 | (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4451 | * overriding variables with arguments: Overriding. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4452 | * overriding with override: Override Directive. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4453 | * parallel execution: Parallel. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4454 | * parallel execution, and archive update: Archive Pitfalls. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4455 | * parallel execution, overriding: Special Targets. (line 130)
|
|---|
| 4456 | * parts of makefile rule: Rule Introduction. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4457 | * Pascal, rule to compile: Catalogue of Rules. (line 45)
|
|---|
| 4458 | * pattern rule: Pattern Intro. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4459 | * pattern rule, expansion: Reading Makefiles. (line 77)
|
|---|
| 4460 | * pattern rules, order of: Pattern Match. (line 30)
|
|---|
| 4461 | * pattern rules, static (not implicit): Static Pattern. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4462 | * pattern rules, static, syntax of: Static Usage. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4463 | * pattern-specific variables: Pattern-specific. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4464 | * pc <1>: Implicit Variables. (line 63)
|
|---|
| 4465 | * pc: Catalogue of Rules. (line 45)
|
|---|
| 4466 | * phony targets: Phony Targets. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4467 | * phony targets and recipe execution: Instead of Execution.
|
|---|
| 4468 | (line 68)
|
|---|
| 4469 | * pitfalls of wildcards: Wildcard Pitfall. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4470 | * portability: Features. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4471 | * POSIX: Overview. (line 13)
|
|---|
| 4472 | * POSIX-conforming mode, setting: Special Targets. (line 143)
|
|---|
| 4473 | * POSIX.2: Options/Recursion. (line 60)
|
|---|
| 4474 | * post-installation commands: Install Command Categories.
|
|---|
| 4475 | (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4476 | * pre-installation commands: Install Command Categories.
|
|---|
| 4477 | (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4478 | * precious targets: Special Targets. (line 29)
|
|---|
| 4479 | * predefined rules and variables, printing: Options Summary. (line 162)
|
|---|
| 4480 | * prefix, adding: File Name Functions. (line 79)
|
|---|
| 4481 | * prerequisite: Rules. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4482 | * prerequisite pattern, implicit: Pattern Intro. (line 22)
|
|---|
| 4483 | * prerequisite pattern, static (not implicit): Static Usage. (line 30)
|
|---|
| 4484 | * prerequisite types: Prerequisite Types. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4485 | * prerequisite, expansion: Reading Makefiles. (line 77)
|
|---|
| 4486 | * prerequisites: Rule Syntax. (line 48)
|
|---|
| 4487 | * prerequisites, and automatic variables: Automatic Variables.
|
|---|
| 4488 | (line 17)
|
|---|
| 4489 | * prerequisites, automatic generation <1>: Automatic Prerequisites.
|
|---|
| 4490 | (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4491 | * prerequisites, automatic generation: Include. (line 51)
|
|---|
| 4492 | * prerequisites, introduction to: Rule Introduction. (line 8)
|
|---|
| 4493 | * prerequisites, list of all: Automatic Variables. (line 61)
|
|---|
| 4494 | * prerequisites, list of changed: Automatic Variables. (line 51)
|
|---|
| 4495 | * prerequisites, normal: Prerequisite Types. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4496 | * prerequisites, order-only: Prerequisite Types. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4497 | * prerequisites, varying (static pattern): Static Pattern. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4498 | * preserving intermediate files: Chained Rules. (line 46)
|
|---|
| 4499 | * preserving with .PRECIOUS <1>: Chained Rules. (line 56)
|
|---|
| 4500 | * preserving with .PRECIOUS: Special Targets. (line 29)
|
|---|
| 4501 | * preserving with .SECONDARY: Special Targets. (line 49)
|
|---|
| 4502 | * print (standard target): Goals. (line 97)
|
|---|
| 4503 | * print target <1>: Empty Targets. (line 25)
|
|---|
| 4504 | * print target: Wildcard Examples. (line 21)
|
|---|
| 4505 | * printing directories: -w Option. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4506 | * printing messages: Make Control Functions.
|
|---|
| 4507 | (line 43)
|
|---|
| 4508 | * printing of recipes: Echoing. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4509 | * printing user warnings: Make Control Functions.
|
|---|
| 4510 | (line 35)
|
|---|
| 4511 | * problems and bugs, reporting: Bugs. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4512 | * problems with wildcards: Wildcard Pitfall. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4513 | * processing a makefile: How Make Works. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4514 | * question mode: Instead of Execution.
|
|---|
| 4515 | (line 27)
|
|---|
| 4516 | * quoting %, in patsubst: Text Functions. (line 26)
|
|---|
| 4517 | * quoting %, in static pattern: Static Usage. (line 37)
|
|---|
| 4518 | * quoting %, in vpath: Selective Search. (line 38)
|
|---|
| 4519 | * quoting newline, in makefile: Simple Makefile. (line 40)
|
|---|
| 4520 | * quoting newline, in recipes: Splitting Lines. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4521 | * Ratfor, rule to compile: Catalogue of Rules. (line 49)
|
|---|
| 4522 | * RCS, rule to extract from: Catalogue of Rules. (line 164)
|
|---|
| 4523 | * reading makefiles: Reading Makefiles. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4524 | * README: Makefile Names. (line 9)
|
|---|
| 4525 | * realclean (standard target): Goals. (line 85)
|
|---|
| 4526 | * realpath: File Name Functions. (line 114)
|
|---|
| 4527 | * recipe: Simple Makefile. (line 73)
|
|---|
| 4528 | * recipe execution, single invocation: Special Targets. (line 137)
|
|---|
| 4529 | * recipe lines, single shell: One Shell. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4530 | * recipe syntax: Recipe Syntax. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4531 | * recipe, execution: Execution. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4532 | * recipes <1>: Recipes. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4533 | * recipes: Rule Syntax. (line 26)
|
|---|
| 4534 | * recipes setting shell variables: Execution. (line 12)
|
|---|
| 4535 | * recipes, and directory search: Recipes/Search. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4536 | * recipes, backslash (\) in: Splitting Lines. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4537 | * recipes, canned: Canned Recipes. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4538 | * recipes, comments in: Recipe Syntax. (line 29)
|
|---|
| 4539 | * recipes, echoing: Echoing. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4540 | * recipes, empty: Empty Recipes. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4541 | * recipes, errors in: Errors. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4542 | * recipes, execution in parallel: Parallel. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4543 | * recipes, how to write: Recipes. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4544 | * recipes, instead of executing: Instead of Execution.
|
|---|
| 4545 | (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4546 | * recipes, introduction to: Rule Introduction. (line 8)
|
|---|
| 4547 | * recipes, quoting newlines in: Splitting Lines. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4548 | * recipes, splitting: Splitting Lines. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4549 | * recipes, using variables in: Variables in Recipes.
|
|---|
| 4550 | (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4551 | * recompilation: Introduction. (line 22)
|
|---|
| 4552 | * recompilation, avoiding: Avoiding Compilation.
|
|---|
| 4553 | (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4554 | * recording events with empty targets: Empty Targets. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4555 | * recursion: Recursion. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4556 | * recursion, and -C: Options/Recursion. (line 22)
|
|---|
| 4557 | * recursion, and -f: Options/Recursion. (line 22)
|
|---|
| 4558 | * recursion, and -j: Options/Recursion. (line 25)
|
|---|
| 4559 | * recursion, and -o: Options/Recursion. (line 22)
|
|---|
| 4560 | * recursion, and -t: MAKE Variable. (line 34)
|
|---|
| 4561 | * recursion, and -w: -w Option. (line 20)
|
|---|
| 4562 | * recursion, and -W: Options/Recursion. (line 22)
|
|---|
| 4563 | * recursion, and command line variable definitions: Options/Recursion.
|
|---|
| 4564 | (line 17)
|
|---|
| 4565 | * recursion, and environment: Variables/Recursion. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4566 | * recursion, and MAKE variable: MAKE Variable. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4567 | * recursion, and MAKEFILES variable: MAKEFILES Variable. (line 15)
|
|---|
| 4568 | * recursion, and options: Options/Recursion. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4569 | * recursion, and printing directories: -w Option. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4570 | * recursion, and variables: Variables/Recursion. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4571 | * recursion, level of: Variables/Recursion. (line 115)
|
|---|
| 4572 | * recursive variable expansion <1>: Flavors. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4573 | * recursive variable expansion: Using Variables. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4574 | * recursively expanded variables: Flavors. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4575 | * reference to variables <1>: Advanced. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4576 | * reference to variables: Reference. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4577 | * relinking: How Make Works. (line 46)
|
|---|
| 4578 | * remaking makefiles: Remaking Makefiles. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4579 | * removal of target files <1>: Interrupts. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4580 | * removal of target files: Errors. (line 64)
|
|---|
| 4581 | * removing duplicate words: Text Functions. (line 155)
|
|---|
| 4582 | * removing targets on failure: Special Targets. (line 64)
|
|---|
| 4583 | * removing, to clean up: Cleanup. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4584 | * reporting bugs: Bugs. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4585 | * rm: Implicit Variables. (line 106)
|
|---|
| 4586 | * rm (shell command) <1>: Errors. (line 27)
|
|---|
| 4587 | * rm (shell command) <2>: Phony Targets. (line 20)
|
|---|
| 4588 | * rm (shell command) <3>: Wildcard Examples. (line 12)
|
|---|
| 4589 | * rm (shell command): Simple Makefile. (line 84)
|
|---|
| 4590 | * rule prerequisites: Rule Syntax. (line 48)
|
|---|
| 4591 | * rule syntax: Rule Syntax. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4592 | * rule targets: Rule Syntax. (line 18)
|
|---|
| 4593 | * rule, double-colon (::): Double-Colon. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4594 | * rule, explicit, definition of: Makefile Contents. (line 10)
|
|---|
| 4595 | * rule, how to write: Rules. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4596 | * rule, implicit: Implicit Rules. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4597 | * rule, implicit, and directory search: Implicit/Search. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4598 | * rule, implicit, and VPATH: Implicit/Search. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4599 | * rule, implicit, chains of: Chained Rules. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4600 | * rule, implicit, definition of: Makefile Contents. (line 16)
|
|---|
| 4601 | * rule, implicit, how to use: Using Implicit. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4602 | * rule, implicit, introduction to: make Deduces. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4603 | * rule, implicit, predefined: Catalogue of Rules. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4604 | * rule, introduction to: Rule Introduction. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4605 | * rule, multiple for one target: Multiple Rules. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4606 | * rule, no recipe or prerequisites: Force Targets. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4607 | * rule, pattern: Pattern Intro. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4608 | * rule, static pattern: Static Pattern. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4609 | * rule, static pattern versus implicit: Static versus Implicit.
|
|---|
| 4610 | (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4611 | * rule, with multiple targets: Multiple Targets. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4612 | * rules, and $: Rule Syntax. (line 34)
|
|---|
| 4613 | * s. (SCCS file prefix): Catalogue of Rules. (line 173)
|
|---|
| 4614 | * SCCS, rule to extract from: Catalogue of Rules. (line 173)
|
|---|
| 4615 | * search algorithm, implicit rule: Implicit Rule Search.
|
|---|
| 4616 | (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4617 | * search path for prerequisites (VPATH): Directory Search. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4618 | * search path for prerequisites (VPATH), and implicit rules: Implicit/Search.
|
|---|
| 4619 | (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4620 | * search path for prerequisites (VPATH), and link libraries: Libraries/Search.
|
|---|
| 4621 | (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4622 | * searching for strings: Text Functions. (line 103)
|
|---|
| 4623 | * secondary expansion: Secondary Expansion. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4624 | * secondary expansion and explicit rules: Secondary Expansion.
|
|---|
| 4625 | (line 106)
|
|---|
| 4626 | * secondary expansion and implicit rules: Secondary Expansion.
|
|---|
| 4627 | (line 146)
|
|---|
| 4628 | * secondary expansion and static pattern rules: Secondary Expansion.
|
|---|
| 4629 | (line 138)
|
|---|
| 4630 | * secondary files: Chained Rules. (line 46)
|
|---|
| 4631 | * secondary targets: Special Targets. (line 49)
|
|---|
| 4632 | * sed (shell command): Automatic Prerequisites.
|
|---|
| 4633 | (line 73)
|
|---|
| 4634 | * selecting a word: Text Functions. (line 159)
|
|---|
| 4635 | * selecting word lists: Text Functions. (line 168)
|
|---|
| 4636 | * sequences of commands: Canned Recipes. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4637 | * setting options from environment: Options/Recursion. (line 81)
|
|---|
| 4638 | * setting options in makefiles: Options/Recursion. (line 81)
|
|---|
| 4639 | * setting variables: Setting. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4640 | * several rules for one target: Multiple Rules. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4641 | * several targets in a rule: Multiple Targets. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4642 | * shar (standard target): Goals. (line 103)
|
|---|
| 4643 | * shell command, function for: Shell Function. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4644 | * shell file name pattern (in include): Include. (line 13)
|
|---|
| 4645 | * shell variables, setting in recipes: Execution. (line 12)
|
|---|
| 4646 | * shell wildcards (in include): Include. (line 13)
|
|---|
| 4647 | * shell, choosing the: Choosing the Shell. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4648 | * SHELL, exported value: Variables/Recursion. (line 23)
|
|---|
| 4649 | * SHELL, import from environment: Environment. (line 37)
|
|---|
| 4650 | * shell, in DOS and Windows: Choosing the Shell. (line 38)
|
|---|
| 4651 | * SHELL, MS-DOS specifics: Choosing the Shell. (line 44)
|
|---|
| 4652 | * SHELL, value of: Choosing the Shell. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4653 | * signal: Interrupts. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4654 | * silent operation: Echoing. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4655 | * simple makefile: Simple Makefile. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4656 | * simple variable expansion: Using Variables. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4657 | * simplifying with variables: Variables Simplify. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4658 | * simply expanded variables: Flavors. (line 56)
|
|---|
| 4659 | * sorting words: Text Functions. (line 146)
|
|---|
| 4660 | * spaces, in variable values: Flavors. (line 103)
|
|---|
| 4661 | * spaces, stripping: Text Functions. (line 80)
|
|---|
| 4662 | * special targets: Special Targets. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4663 | * special variables: Special Variables. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4664 | * specifying makefile name: Makefile Names. (line 30)
|
|---|
| 4665 | * splitting recipes: Splitting Lines. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4666 | * staged installs: DESTDIR. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4667 | * standard input: Parallel. (line 31)
|
|---|
| 4668 | * standards conformance: Overview. (line 13)
|
|---|
| 4669 | * standards for makefiles: Makefile Conventions.
|
|---|
| 4670 | (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4671 | * static pattern rule: Static Pattern. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4672 | * static pattern rule, syntax of: Static Usage. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4673 | * static pattern rule, versus implicit: Static versus Implicit.
|
|---|
| 4674 | (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4675 | * static pattern rules, secondary expansion of: Secondary Expansion.
|
|---|
| 4676 | (line 138)
|
|---|
| 4677 | * stem <1>: Pattern Match. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4678 | * stem: Static Usage. (line 17)
|
|---|
| 4679 | * stem, shortest: Pattern Match. (line 38)
|
|---|
| 4680 | * stem, variable for: Automatic Variables. (line 77)
|
|---|
| 4681 | * stopping make: Make Control Functions.
|
|---|
| 4682 | (line 11)
|
|---|
| 4683 | * strings, searching for: Text Functions. (line 103)
|
|---|
| 4684 | * stripping whitespace: Text Functions. (line 80)
|
|---|
| 4685 | * sub-make: Variables/Recursion. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4686 | * subdirectories, recursion for: Recursion. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4687 | * substitution variable reference: Substitution Refs. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4688 | * suffix rule: Suffix Rules. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4689 | * suffix rule, for archive: Archive Suffix Rules.
|
|---|
| 4690 | (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4691 | * suffix, adding: File Name Functions. (line 68)
|
|---|
| 4692 | * suffix, function to find: File Name Functions. (line 43)
|
|---|
| 4693 | * suffix, substituting in variables: Substitution Refs. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4694 | * suppressing inheritance: Suppressing Inheritance.
|
|---|
| 4695 | (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4696 | * switches: Options Summary. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4697 | * symbol directories, updating archive: Archive Symbols. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4698 | * syntax of recipe: Recipe Syntax. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4699 | * syntax of rules: Rule Syntax. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4700 | * tab character (in commands): Rule Syntax. (line 26)
|
|---|
| 4701 | * tabs in rules: Rule Introduction. (line 21)
|
|---|
| 4702 | * TAGS (standard target): Goals. (line 111)
|
|---|
| 4703 | * tangle <1>: Implicit Variables. (line 100)
|
|---|
| 4704 | * tangle: Catalogue of Rules. (line 151)
|
|---|
| 4705 | * tar (standard target): Goals. (line 100)
|
|---|
| 4706 | * target: Rules. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4707 | * target pattern, implicit: Pattern Intro. (line 9)
|
|---|
| 4708 | * target pattern, static (not implicit): Static Usage. (line 17)
|
|---|
| 4709 | * target, deleting on error: Errors. (line 64)
|
|---|
| 4710 | * target, deleting on interrupt: Interrupts. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4711 | * target, expansion: Reading Makefiles. (line 77)
|
|---|
| 4712 | * target, multiple in pattern rule: Pattern Intro. (line 53)
|
|---|
| 4713 | * target, multiple rules for one: Multiple Rules. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4714 | * target, touching: Instead of Execution.
|
|---|
| 4715 | (line 21)
|
|---|
| 4716 | * target-specific variables: Target-specific. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4717 | * targets: Rule Syntax. (line 18)
|
|---|
| 4718 | * targets without a file: Phony Targets. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4719 | * targets, built-in special: Special Targets. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4720 | * targets, empty: Empty Targets. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4721 | * targets, force: Force Targets. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4722 | * targets, introduction to: Rule Introduction. (line 8)
|
|---|
| 4723 | * targets, multiple: Multiple Targets. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4724 | * targets, phony: Phony Targets. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4725 | * terminal rule: Match-Anything Rules.
|
|---|
| 4726 | (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4727 | * test (standard target): Goals. (line 115)
|
|---|
| 4728 | * testing compilation: Testing. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4729 | * tex <1>: Implicit Variables. (line 87)
|
|---|
| 4730 | * tex: Catalogue of Rules. (line 151)
|
|---|
| 4731 | * TeX, rule to run: Catalogue of Rules. (line 151)
|
|---|
| 4732 | * texi2dvi <1>: Implicit Variables. (line 91)
|
|---|
| 4733 | * texi2dvi: Catalogue of Rules. (line 158)
|
|---|
| 4734 | * Texinfo, rule to format: Catalogue of Rules. (line 158)
|
|---|
| 4735 | * tilde (~): Wildcards. (line 11)
|
|---|
| 4736 | * touch (shell command) <1>: Empty Targets. (line 25)
|
|---|
| 4737 | * touch (shell command): Wildcard Examples. (line 21)
|
|---|
| 4738 | * touching files: Instead of Execution.
|
|---|
| 4739 | (line 21)
|
|---|
| 4740 | * traditional directory search (GPATH): Search Algorithm. (line 42)
|
|---|
| 4741 | * types of prerequisites: Prerequisite Types. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4742 | * undefined variables, warning message: Options Summary. (line 257)
|
|---|
| 4743 | * undefining variable: Undefine Directive. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4744 | * updating archive symbol directories: Archive Symbols. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4745 | * updating makefiles: Remaking Makefiles. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4746 | * user defined functions: Call Function. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4747 | * value: Using Variables. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4748 | * value, how a variable gets it: Values. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4749 | * variable: Using Variables. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4750 | * variable definition: Makefile Contents. (line 22)
|
|---|
| 4751 | * variable references in recipes: Variables in Recipes.
|
|---|
| 4752 | (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4753 | * variables: Variables Simplify. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4754 | * variables, $ in name: Computed Names. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4755 | * variables, and implicit rule: Automatic Variables. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4756 | * variables, appending to: Appending. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4757 | * variables, automatic: Automatic Variables. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4758 | * variables, command line: Overriding. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4759 | * variables, command line, and recursion: Options/Recursion. (line 17)
|
|---|
| 4760 | * variables, computed names: Computed Names. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4761 | * variables, conditional assignment: Flavors. (line 129)
|
|---|
| 4762 | * variables, defining verbatim: Multi-Line. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4763 | * variables, environment <1>: Environment. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4764 | * variables, environment: Variables/Recursion. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4765 | * variables, exporting: Variables/Recursion. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4766 | * variables, flavor of: Flavor Function. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4767 | * variables, flavors: Flavors. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4768 | * variables, how they get their values: Values. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4769 | * variables, how to reference: Reference. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4770 | * variables, loops in expansion: Flavors. (line 44)
|
|---|
| 4771 | * variables, modified reference: Substitution Refs. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4772 | * variables, multi-line: Multi-Line. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4773 | * variables, nested references: Computed Names. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4774 | * variables, origin of: Origin Function. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4775 | * variables, overriding: Override Directive. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4776 | * variables, overriding with arguments: Overriding. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4777 | * variables, pattern-specific: Pattern-specific. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4778 | * variables, recursively expanded: Flavors. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4779 | * variables, setting: Setting. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4780 | * variables, simply expanded: Flavors. (line 56)
|
|---|
| 4781 | * variables, spaces in values: Flavors. (line 103)
|
|---|
| 4782 | * variables, substituting suffix in: Substitution Refs. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4783 | * variables, substitution reference: Substitution Refs. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4784 | * variables, target-specific: Target-specific. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4785 | * variables, unexpanded value: Value Function. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4786 | * variables, warning for undefined: Options Summary. (line 257)
|
|---|
| 4787 | * varying prerequisites: Static Pattern. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4788 | * verbatim variable definition: Multi-Line. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4789 | * vpath: Directory Search. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4790 | * VPATH, and implicit rules: Implicit/Search. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4791 | * VPATH, and link libraries: Libraries/Search. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4792 | * warnings, printing: Make Control Functions.
|
|---|
| 4793 | (line 35)
|
|---|
| 4794 | * weave <1>: Implicit Variables. (line 94)
|
|---|
| 4795 | * weave: Catalogue of Rules. (line 151)
|
|---|
| 4796 | * Web, rule to run: Catalogue of Rules. (line 151)
|
|---|
| 4797 | * what if: Instead of Execution.
|
|---|
| 4798 | (line 35)
|
|---|
| 4799 | * whitespace, in variable values: Flavors. (line 103)
|
|---|
| 4800 | * whitespace, stripping: Text Functions. (line 80)
|
|---|
| 4801 | * wildcard: Wildcards. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4802 | * wildcard pitfalls: Wildcard Pitfall. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4803 | * wildcard, function: File Name Functions. (line 107)
|
|---|
| 4804 | * wildcard, in archive member: Archive Members. (line 36)
|
|---|
| 4805 | * wildcard, in include: Include. (line 13)
|
|---|
| 4806 | * wildcards and MS-DOS/MS-Windows backslashes: Wildcard Pitfall.
|
|---|
| 4807 | (line 31)
|
|---|
| 4808 | * Windows, choosing a shell in: Choosing the Shell. (line 38)
|
|---|
| 4809 | * word, selecting a: Text Functions. (line 159)
|
|---|
| 4810 | * words, extracting first: Text Functions. (line 184)
|
|---|
| 4811 | * words, extracting last: Text Functions. (line 197)
|
|---|
| 4812 | * words, filtering: Text Functions. (line 114)
|
|---|
| 4813 | * words, filtering out: Text Functions. (line 132)
|
|---|
| 4814 | * words, finding number: Text Functions. (line 180)
|
|---|
| 4815 | * words, iterating over: Foreach Function. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4816 | * words, joining lists: File Name Functions. (line 90)
|
|---|
| 4817 | * words, removing duplicates: Text Functions. (line 155)
|
|---|
| 4818 | * words, selecting lists of: Text Functions. (line 168)
|
|---|
| 4819 | * writing recipes: Recipes. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4820 | * writing rules: Rules. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4821 | * yacc <1>: Implicit Variables. (line 77)
|
|---|
| 4822 | * yacc <2>: Catalogue of Rules. (line 120)
|
|---|
| 4823 | * yacc: Canned Recipes. (line 18)
|
|---|
| 4824 | * Yacc, rule to run: Catalogue of Rules. (line 120)
|
|---|
| 4825 | * ~ (tilde): Wildcards. (line 11)
|
|---|
| 4826 |
|
|---|
| 4827 |
|
|---|
| 4828 | File: make.info, Node: Name Index, Prev: Concept Index, Up: Top
|
|---|
| 4829 |
|
|---|
| 4830 | Index of Functions, Variables, & Directives
|
|---|
| 4831 | *******************************************
|
|---|
| 4832 |
|
|---|
| 4833 | [index]
|
|---|
| 4834 | * Menu:
|
|---|
| 4835 |
|
|---|
| 4836 | * $%: Automatic Variables. (line 37)
|
|---|
| 4837 | * $(%D): Automatic Variables. (line 129)
|
|---|
| 4838 | * $(%F): Automatic Variables. (line 130)
|
|---|
| 4839 | * $(*D): Automatic Variables. (line 124)
|
|---|
| 4840 | * $(*F): Automatic Variables. (line 125)
|
|---|
| 4841 | * $(+D): Automatic Variables. (line 147)
|
|---|
| 4842 | * $(+F): Automatic Variables. (line 148)
|
|---|
| 4843 | * $(<D): Automatic Variables. (line 137)
|
|---|
| 4844 | * $(<F): Automatic Variables. (line 138)
|
|---|
| 4845 | * $(?D): Automatic Variables. (line 153)
|
|---|
| 4846 | * $(?F): Automatic Variables. (line 154)
|
|---|
| 4847 | * $(@D): Automatic Variables. (line 113)
|
|---|
| 4848 | * $(@F): Automatic Variables. (line 119)
|
|---|
| 4849 | * $(^D): Automatic Variables. (line 142)
|
|---|
| 4850 | * $(^F): Automatic Variables. (line 143)
|
|---|
| 4851 | * $*: Automatic Variables. (line 73)
|
|---|
| 4852 | * $*, and static pattern: Static Usage. (line 81)
|
|---|
| 4853 | * $+: Automatic Variables. (line 63)
|
|---|
| 4854 | * $<: Automatic Variables. (line 43)
|
|---|
| 4855 | * $?: Automatic Variables. (line 48)
|
|---|
| 4856 | * $@: Automatic Variables. (line 30)
|
|---|
| 4857 | * $^: Automatic Variables. (line 53)
|
|---|
| 4858 | * $|: Automatic Variables. (line 69)
|
|---|
| 4859 | * % (automatic variable): Automatic Variables. (line 37)
|
|---|
| 4860 | * %D (automatic variable): Automatic Variables. (line 129)
|
|---|
| 4861 | * %F (automatic variable): Automatic Variables. (line 130)
|
|---|
| 4862 | * * (automatic variable): Automatic Variables. (line 73)
|
|---|
| 4863 | * * (automatic variable), unsupported bizarre usage: Missing. (line 44)
|
|---|
| 4864 | * *D (automatic variable): Automatic Variables. (line 124)
|
|---|
| 4865 | * *F (automatic variable): Automatic Variables. (line 125)
|
|---|
| 4866 | * + (automatic variable): Automatic Variables. (line 63)
|
|---|
| 4867 | * +D (automatic variable): Automatic Variables. (line 147)
|
|---|
| 4868 | * +F (automatic variable): Automatic Variables. (line 148)
|
|---|
| 4869 | * .DEFAULT <1>: Last Resort. (line 23)
|
|---|
| 4870 | * .DEFAULT: Special Targets. (line 20)
|
|---|
| 4871 | * .DEFAULT, and empty recipes: Empty Recipes. (line 16)
|
|---|
| 4872 | * .DEFAULT_GOAL (define default goal): Special Variables. (line 34)
|
|---|
| 4873 | * .DELETE_ON_ERROR <1>: Errors. (line 64)
|
|---|
| 4874 | * .DELETE_ON_ERROR: Special Targets. (line 63)
|
|---|
| 4875 | * .EXPORT_ALL_VARIABLES <1>: Variables/Recursion. (line 99)
|
|---|
| 4876 | * .EXPORT_ALL_VARIABLES: Special Targets. (line 124)
|
|---|
| 4877 | * .FEATURES (list of supported features): Special Variables. (line 102)
|
|---|
| 4878 | * .IGNORE <1>: Errors. (line 30)
|
|---|
| 4879 | * .IGNORE: Special Targets. (line 69)
|
|---|
| 4880 | * .INCLUDE_DIRS (list of include directories): Special Variables.
|
|---|
| 4881 | (line 135)
|
|---|
| 4882 | * .INTERMEDIATE: Special Targets. (line 43)
|
|---|
| 4883 | * .LIBPATTERNS: Libraries/Search. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4884 | * .LOW_RESOLUTION_TIME: Special Targets. (line 81)
|
|---|
| 4885 | * .NOTPARALLEL: Special Targets. (line 129)
|
|---|
| 4886 | * .ONESHELL <1>: One Shell. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4887 | * .ONESHELL: Special Targets. (line 136)
|
|---|
| 4888 | * .PHONY <1>: Special Targets. (line 8)
|
|---|
| 4889 | * .PHONY: Phony Targets. (line 22)
|
|---|
| 4890 | * .POSIX <1>: Options/Recursion. (line 60)
|
|---|
| 4891 | * .POSIX: Special Targets. (line 142)
|
|---|
| 4892 | * .PRECIOUS <1>: Interrupts. (line 22)
|
|---|
| 4893 | * .PRECIOUS: Special Targets. (line 28)
|
|---|
| 4894 | * .RECIPEPREFIX (change the recipe prefix character): Special Variables.
|
|---|
| 4895 | (line 80)
|
|---|
| 4896 | * .SECONDARY: Special Targets. (line 48)
|
|---|
| 4897 | * .SECONDEXPANSION <1>: Special Targets. (line 57)
|
|---|
| 4898 | * .SECONDEXPANSION: Secondary Expansion. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4899 | * .SHELLFLAGS: Choosing the Shell. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4900 | * .SILENT <1>: Echoing. (line 24)
|
|---|
| 4901 | * .SILENT: Special Targets. (line 111)
|
|---|
| 4902 | * .SUFFIXES <1>: Suffix Rules. (line 61)
|
|---|
| 4903 | * .SUFFIXES: Special Targets. (line 15)
|
|---|
| 4904 | * .VARIABLES (list of variables): Special Variables. (line 93)
|
|---|
| 4905 | * /usr/gnu/include: Include. (line 53)
|
|---|
| 4906 | * /usr/include: Include. (line 53)
|
|---|
| 4907 | * /usr/local/include: Include. (line 53)
|
|---|
| 4908 | * < (automatic variable): Automatic Variables. (line 43)
|
|---|
| 4909 | * <D (automatic variable): Automatic Variables. (line 137)
|
|---|
| 4910 | * <F (automatic variable): Automatic Variables. (line 138)
|
|---|
| 4911 | * ? (automatic variable): Automatic Variables. (line 48)
|
|---|
| 4912 | * ?D (automatic variable): Automatic Variables. (line 153)
|
|---|
| 4913 | * ?F (automatic variable): Automatic Variables. (line 154)
|
|---|
| 4914 | * @ (automatic variable): Automatic Variables. (line 30)
|
|---|
| 4915 | * @D (automatic variable): Automatic Variables. (line 113)
|
|---|
| 4916 | * @F (automatic variable): Automatic Variables. (line 119)
|
|---|
| 4917 | * ^ (automatic variable): Automatic Variables. (line 53)
|
|---|
| 4918 | * ^D (automatic variable): Automatic Variables. (line 142)
|
|---|
| 4919 | * ^F (automatic variable): Automatic Variables. (line 143)
|
|---|
| 4920 | * abspath: File Name Functions. (line 121)
|
|---|
| 4921 | * addprefix: File Name Functions. (line 79)
|
|---|
| 4922 | * addsuffix: File Name Functions. (line 68)
|
|---|
| 4923 | * and: Conditional Functions.
|
|---|
| 4924 | (line 45)
|
|---|
| 4925 | * AR: Implicit Variables. (line 40)
|
|---|
| 4926 | * ARFLAGS: Implicit Variables. (line 113)
|
|---|
| 4927 | * AS: Implicit Variables. (line 43)
|
|---|
| 4928 | * ASFLAGS: Implicit Variables. (line 116)
|
|---|
| 4929 | * basename: File Name Functions. (line 57)
|
|---|
| 4930 | * bindir: Directory Variables. (line 57)
|
|---|
| 4931 | * call: Call Function. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4932 | * CC: Implicit Variables. (line 46)
|
|---|
| 4933 | * CFLAGS: Implicit Variables. (line 120)
|
|---|
| 4934 | * CO: Implicit Variables. (line 66)
|
|---|
| 4935 | * COFLAGS: Implicit Variables. (line 126)
|
|---|
| 4936 | * COMSPEC: Choosing the Shell. (line 41)
|
|---|
| 4937 | * CPP: Implicit Variables. (line 52)
|
|---|
| 4938 | * CPPFLAGS: Implicit Variables. (line 129)
|
|---|
| 4939 | * CTANGLE: Implicit Variables. (line 103)
|
|---|
| 4940 | * CURDIR: Recursion. (line 28)
|
|---|
| 4941 | * CWEAVE: Implicit Variables. (line 97)
|
|---|
| 4942 | * CXX: Implicit Variables. (line 49)
|
|---|
| 4943 | * CXXFLAGS: Implicit Variables. (line 123)
|
|---|
| 4944 | * define: Multi-Line. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4945 | * DESTDIR: DESTDIR. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4946 | * dir: File Name Functions. (line 17)
|
|---|
| 4947 | * else: Conditional Syntax. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4948 | * endef: Multi-Line. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4949 | * endif: Conditional Syntax. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4950 | * error: Make Control Functions.
|
|---|
| 4951 | (line 11)
|
|---|
| 4952 | * eval: Eval Function. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4953 | * exec_prefix: Directory Variables. (line 39)
|
|---|
| 4954 | * export: Variables/Recursion. (line 40)
|
|---|
| 4955 | * FC: Implicit Variables. (line 56)
|
|---|
| 4956 | * FFLAGS: Implicit Variables. (line 133)
|
|---|
| 4957 | * filter: Text Functions. (line 114)
|
|---|
| 4958 | * filter-out: Text Functions. (line 132)
|
|---|
| 4959 | * findstring: Text Functions. (line 103)
|
|---|
| 4960 | * firstword: Text Functions. (line 184)
|
|---|
| 4961 | * flavor: Flavor Function. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4962 | * foreach: Foreach Function. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4963 | * GET: Implicit Variables. (line 69)
|
|---|
| 4964 | * GFLAGS: Implicit Variables. (line 136)
|
|---|
| 4965 | * GNUmakefile: Makefile Names. (line 7)
|
|---|
| 4966 | * GPATH: Search Algorithm. (line 48)
|
|---|
| 4967 | * if: Conditional Functions.
|
|---|
| 4968 | (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4969 | * ifdef: Conditional Syntax. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4970 | * ifeq: Conditional Syntax. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4971 | * ifndef: Conditional Syntax. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4972 | * ifneq: Conditional Syntax. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4973 | * include: Include. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4974 | * info: Make Control Functions.
|
|---|
| 4975 | (line 43)
|
|---|
| 4976 | * join: File Name Functions. (line 90)
|
|---|
| 4977 | * lastword: Text Functions. (line 197)
|
|---|
| 4978 | * LDFLAGS: Implicit Variables. (line 139)
|
|---|
| 4979 | * LEX: Implicit Variables. (line 72)
|
|---|
| 4980 | * LFLAGS: Implicit Variables. (line 143)
|
|---|
| 4981 | * libexecdir: Directory Variables. (line 70)
|
|---|
| 4982 | * LINT: Implicit Variables. (line 80)
|
|---|
| 4983 | * LINTFLAGS: Implicit Variables. (line 155)
|
|---|
| 4984 | * M2C: Implicit Variables. (line 60)
|
|---|
| 4985 | * MAKE <1>: Flavors. (line 84)
|
|---|
| 4986 | * MAKE: MAKE Variable. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4987 | * MAKE_RESTARTS (number of times make has restarted): Special Variables.
|
|---|
| 4988 | (line 73)
|
|---|
| 4989 | * MAKE_VERSION: Features. (line 197)
|
|---|
| 4990 | * MAKECMDGOALS: Goals. (line 30)
|
|---|
| 4991 | * makefile: Makefile Names. (line 7)
|
|---|
| 4992 | * Makefile: Makefile Names. (line 7)
|
|---|
| 4993 | * MAKEFILE_LIST (list of parsed makefiles): Special Variables.
|
|---|
| 4994 | (line 8)
|
|---|
| 4995 | * MAKEFILES <1>: Variables/Recursion. (line 127)
|
|---|
| 4996 | * MAKEFILES: MAKEFILES Variable. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4997 | * MAKEFLAGS: Options/Recursion. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 4998 | * MAKEINFO: Implicit Variables. (line 83)
|
|---|
| 4999 | * MAKELEVEL <1>: Flavors. (line 84)
|
|---|
| 5000 | * MAKELEVEL: Variables/Recursion. (line 115)
|
|---|
| 5001 | * MAKEOVERRIDES: Options/Recursion. (line 49)
|
|---|
| 5002 | * MAKESHELL (MS-DOS alternative to SHELL): Choosing the Shell.
|
|---|
| 5003 | (line 27)
|
|---|
| 5004 | * MFLAGS: Options/Recursion. (line 65)
|
|---|
| 5005 | * notdir: File Name Functions. (line 27)
|
|---|
| 5006 | * or: Conditional Functions.
|
|---|
| 5007 | (line 37)
|
|---|
| 5008 | * origin: Origin Function. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 5009 | * OUTPUT_OPTION: Catalogue of Rules. (line 202)
|
|---|
| 5010 | * override: Override Directive. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 5011 | * patsubst <1>: Text Functions. (line 18)
|
|---|
| 5012 | * patsubst: Substitution Refs. (line 28)
|
|---|
| 5013 | * PC: Implicit Variables. (line 63)
|
|---|
| 5014 | * PFLAGS: Implicit Variables. (line 149)
|
|---|
| 5015 | * prefix: Directory Variables. (line 29)
|
|---|
| 5016 | * private: Suppressing Inheritance.
|
|---|
| 5017 | (line 6)
|
|---|
| 5018 | * realpath: File Name Functions. (line 114)
|
|---|
| 5019 | * RFLAGS: Implicit Variables. (line 152)
|
|---|
| 5020 | * RM: Implicit Variables. (line 106)
|
|---|
| 5021 | * sbindir: Directory Variables. (line 63)
|
|---|
| 5022 | * shell: Shell Function. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 5023 | * SHELL: Choosing the Shell. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 5024 | * SHELL (recipe execution): Execution. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 5025 | * sort: Text Functions. (line 146)
|
|---|
| 5026 | * strip: Text Functions. (line 80)
|
|---|
| 5027 | * subst <1>: Text Functions. (line 9)
|
|---|
| 5028 | * subst: Multiple Targets. (line 28)
|
|---|
| 5029 | * suffix: File Name Functions. (line 43)
|
|---|
| 5030 | * SUFFIXES: Suffix Rules. (line 81)
|
|---|
| 5031 | * TANGLE: Implicit Variables. (line 100)
|
|---|
| 5032 | * TEX: Implicit Variables. (line 87)
|
|---|
| 5033 | * TEXI2DVI: Implicit Variables. (line 90)
|
|---|
| 5034 | * undefine: Undefine Directive. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 5035 | * unexport: Variables/Recursion. (line 45)
|
|---|
| 5036 | * value: Value Function. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 5037 | * vpath: Selective Search. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 5038 | * VPATH: General Search. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 5039 | * vpath: Directory Search. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 5040 | * VPATH: Directory Search. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 5041 | * warning: Make Control Functions.
|
|---|
| 5042 | (line 35)
|
|---|
| 5043 | * WEAVE: Implicit Variables. (line 94)
|
|---|
| 5044 | * wildcard <1>: File Name Functions. (line 107)
|
|---|
| 5045 | * wildcard: Wildcard Function. (line 6)
|
|---|
| 5046 | * word: Text Functions. (line 159)
|
|---|
| 5047 | * wordlist: Text Functions. (line 168)
|
|---|
| 5048 | * words: Text Functions. (line 180)
|
|---|
| 5049 | * YACC: Implicit Variables. (line 76)
|
|---|
| 5050 | * YFLAGS: Implicit Variables. (line 146)
|
|---|
| 5051 | * | (automatic variable): Automatic Variables. (line 69)
|
|---|
| 5052 |
|
|---|
| 5053 |
|
|---|